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Our ability to walk on two legs is not only a characteristic human trait but one of the things that made us human in the first place. Once our ancestors could walk on two legs, they began to do many of the things that apes cannot do: cross wide open spaces, manipulate complex tools, communicate with new signal systems, and light fires. Titled after the last two words of Darwin's 'Descent of Man' and written by a leading scholar of human evolution, 'Lowly Origin' is the first book to explain the sources and consequences of bipedalism to a broad audience. Along the way, it accounts for recent fossil discoveries that show us a still incomplete but much bushier family tree than most of us learned about in school.Jonathan Kingdon uses the very latest findings from ecology, biogeography, and paleontology to build a new and up-to-date account of how four-legged apes became two-legged hominins. He describes what it took to get up onto two legs as well as the protracted consequences of that step--some of which led straight to modern humans and others to very different bipeds. This allows him to make sense of recently unearthed evidence suggesting that no fewer than twenty species of humans and hominins have lived and become extinct. Following the evolution of two-legged creatures from our earliest lowly forebears to the present, Kingdon concludes with future options for the last surviving biped.A major new narrative of human evolution, 'Lowly Origin' is the best available account of what it meant--and what it means--to walk on two feet.

Fossil hominids. --- Bipedalism --- Human beings --- Human evolution. --- Homme fossile --- Bipédie --- Homme --- Origin. --- Origines --- Evolution --- Bipédie

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General biophysics --- Physiology: movement organs, voice and skin --- Bipedalism --- Bipédie --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- Bipédie --- Congrès --- Human mechanics --- Bipedal locomotion --- Bipedal posture --- Bipedal walking --- Bipedality --- Bipedalization --- Posture, Bipedal --- Upright walking --- Walking, Bipedal --- Walking, Upright --- Human beings --- Locomotion --- Attitude and movement

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Walking is simple for most of us, but two-legged robots (bipeds) are often slow, complex, inefficient, heavy, and have robotic-looking motions. What makes human walking so graceful? Can this be replicated with human-like robots? Martijn Wisse and Richard Q. van der Linde provide a detailed description of their research on pneumatic biped robots at the Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. The book covers the basic theory - passive dynamic walking - and explains the implementation of pneumatic McKibben muscles in a series of successful prototypes.

Mobile robots. --- Robots --- Bipedalism. --- Pneumatic machinery. --- Robots mobiles --- Motion. --- Mouvements --- Robots -- Motion. --- Mobile robots --- Bipedalism --- Pneumatic machinery --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Motion --- Information Technology --- Artificial Intelligence --- Bipedal locomotion --- Bipedal posture --- Bipedal walking --- Bipedality --- Bipedalization --- Posture, Bipedal --- Upright walking --- Walking, Bipedal --- Walking, Upright --- Movement of robots --- Robot motion --- Engineering. --- Artificial intelligence. --- System theory. --- Control engineering. --- Robotics. --- Mechatronics. --- Control, Robotics, Mechatronics. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Systems Theory, Control. --- Mechanical engineering --- Microelectronics --- Microelectromechanical systems --- Automation --- Machine theory --- Control engineering --- Control equipment --- Control theory --- Engineering instruments --- Programmable controllers --- Systems, Theory of --- Systems science --- Science --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Philosophy --- Fluid power technology --- Machinery --- Human beings --- Locomotion --- Attitude and movement --- Systems theory. --- Artificial Intelligence.

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Our ability to walk on two legs is not only a characteristic human trait but one of the things that made us human in the first place. Once our ancestors could walk on two legs, they began to do many of the things that apes cannot do: cross wide open spaces, manipulate complex tools, communicate with new signal systems, and light fires. Titled after the last two words of Darwin's Descent of Man and written by a leading scholar of human evolution, Lowly Origin is the first book to explain the sources and consequences of bipedalism to a broad audience. Along the way, it accounts for recent fossil discoveries that show us a still incomplete but much bushier family tree than most of us learned about in school. Jonathan Kingdon uses the very latest findings from ecology, biogeography, and paleontology to build a new and up-to-date account of how four-legged apes became two-legged hominins. He describes what it took to get up onto two legs as well as the protracted consequences of that step--some of which led straight to modern humans and others to very different bipeds. This allows him to make sense of recently unearthed evidence suggesting that no fewer than twenty species of humans and hominins have lived and become extinct. Following the evolution of two-legged creatures from our earliest lowly forebears to the present, Kingdon concludes with future options for the last surviving biped. A major new narrative of human evolution, Lowly Origin is the best available account of what it meant--and what it means--to walk on two feet.

Fossil hominids. --- Bipedalism --- Human beings --- Origin. --- Achulean culture. --- Adapids. --- African Heidelbergs. --- Banda Strandlopers. --- Biblical symbolism. --- Broken Hill fossil. --- Catopithecus browni. --- Eastern Rift. --- Ethiopian Dome. --- Flores Landing. --- Gondwana. --- Hadrocodium. --- Hammer, Michael. --- Haplorhini. --- Highvelt. --- Hofmeyr skull. --- Homo antecessor. --- Indian Heidelberg. --- Java man. --- Juba River. --- Khoisan. --- Kiwengoma forest. --- Leakey, Meave. --- Linnaeus. --- Mammaliform. --- agriculture. --- angiosperm. --- antelopes. --- arboreal mammals. --- autorewarding skills. --- brain-language interaction. --- cervical nerves. --- community of descent. --- containers. --- dambos. --- depigmentation. --- dermicidin. --- distant ambit. --- ecological islands. --- edaphic grasslands. --- enhanced adaptation. --- evolution, mammal. --- fovea. --- future-eaters. --- genocide. --- gestures. --- grasslands. --- ground ape. --- hand-eye coordination. --- horticulture. --- humid foci. --- keystone species. --- marine culture. --- metacarpals. --- middlebrows. --- mobbing behavior.

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Primate locomotion has typically been studied from two points of view. Laboratory-based researchers have focused on aspects like biomechanics and energetics, whereas field-based researchers have focused on (locomotor) behaviour and ecology. Primate Locomotion: Linking Field and Laboratory Research brings together both aspects of primate locomotion studies. Communication between both groups is necessary to identify the specific needs and start up achievable and successful research projects in the field. This volume brings together biomechanists, ecologists, and field-based researchers, who combine both disciplines, and whose contributions facilitate lasting cooperation between the mentioned disciplines and stimulate innovative research in Primatology. The book will be valuable for primatologists, paleo-anthropologists, biomechanists and field biologists, as well as students. About the Editors: Dr. Kristiaan D’Aout is Assistant Professor in the Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Belgium. Dr. D’Aout is also Research Associate for the Locomorph Project and Coordinator of Biodynamics Research at the Centre for Research and Conservation at the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium. Evie E. Vereecke is part of the Primate Evolution and Morphology Group, School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK; and Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Belgium.

Primates -- Behavior -- Congresses. --- Primates -- Evolution -- Congresses. --- Primates -- Locomotion -- Congresses. --- Primates -- Locomotion. --- Primates --- Bipedalism --- Movement --- Mammals --- Physical Examination --- Physiological Processes --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Vertebrates --- Musculoskeletal Physiological Processes --- Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena --- Physiological Phenomena --- Diagnosis --- Chordata --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Animals --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Eukaryota --- Locomotion --- Gait --- Organisms --- Biology --- Zoology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Evolution --- Locomotion. --- Quadrumana --- Life sciences. --- Developmental biology. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Animal anatomy. --- Animal physiology. --- Anthropology. --- Life Sciences. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology. --- Animal Physiology. --- Developmental Biology. --- Human beings --- Animal physiology --- Anatomy --- Animal anatomy --- Physiology --- Animal evolution --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Development (Biology) --- Growth --- Ontogeny --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Evolution (Biology). --- Morphology (Animals). --- Animal morphology --- Body form in animals --- Morphology --- Primitive societies --- Social sciences