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The cancer stem cell (CSC) paradigm represents one of the most prominent breakthroughs of the last decades in tumor biology. CSCs are that subpopulation within a tumor that can survive conventional therapies and as a consequence are able to fuel tumor recurrence. Nevertheless, the biological characteristics of CSCs and even their existence, remain the main topic among tumor biologists debates. The difficulty in achieving a better definition of CSC biology may actually be explained by the plasticity of such a cell subpopulation. Indeed, the emerging view is that CSCs represent a dynamic “state” of tumor cells that can acquire stemness-related properties under specific circumstances, rather than referring to a well-defined group of cells. Regardless of their origin, it is clear that designing novel antitumor treatments based on the eradication of CSCs will only be possible upon unraveling the biological mechanisms that underlie their pathogenic role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. The Special Issue on “New aspects of cancer stem cell biology: implications for innovative therapies” aims at highlighting recent insights into CSC features that can make them an attractive target for novel therapeutic strategies.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Cadherin 11 --- WNT signaling --- β-catenin --- cancer stem cells --- TNBC --- early breast cancer --- bevacizumab --- neoadjuvant chemotherapy --- ALDH1 --- solid cancer --- chemo-resistance --- HDAC inhibitors --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- SRC --- dasatinib --- saracatinib --- EC-8042 --- Ovarian cancer --- Wnt signaling --- tumor progression --- therapy resistance --- exosomes --- oral cancer risk --- oral epithelial dysplasia --- SOX2 --- immunohistochemistry --- oral squamous cell carcinoma --- genome-wide --- transcriptome --- lung cancer --- ATAC-seq --- RNA-seq --- CSCs --- NSCLC --- B4GALT1 --- LUAD --- breast cancer --- lipid --- metabolism --- therapeutic resistance --- bowel cancer --- organoid --- tumoroid --- colorectal --- colon --- stem cell --- chemotherapy resistance --- ovarian cancer --- cancer stem cell --- genetic heterogeneity --- SNP array --- L1CAM --- chemoresistance --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- cancer therapy --- cell adhesion molecule

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The cancer stem cell (CSC) paradigm represents one of the most prominent breakthroughs of the last decades in tumor biology. CSCs are that subpopulation within a tumor that can survive conventional therapies and as a consequence are able to fuel tumor recurrence. Nevertheless, the biological characteristics of CSCs and even their existence, remain the main topic among tumor biologists debates. The difficulty in achieving a better definition of CSC biology may actually be explained by the plasticity of such a cell subpopulation. Indeed, the emerging view is that CSCs represent a dynamic “state” of tumor cells that can acquire stemness-related properties under specific circumstances, rather than referring to a well-defined group of cells. Regardless of their origin, it is clear that designing novel antitumor treatments based on the eradication of CSCs will only be possible upon unraveling the biological mechanisms that underlie their pathogenic role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. The Special Issue on “New aspects of cancer stem cell biology: implications for innovative therapies” aims at highlighting recent insights into CSC features that can make them an attractive target for novel therapeutic strategies.

Cadherin 11 --- WNT signaling --- β-catenin --- cancer stem cells --- TNBC --- early breast cancer --- bevacizumab --- neoadjuvant chemotherapy --- ALDH1 --- solid cancer --- chemo-resistance --- HDAC inhibitors --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- SRC --- dasatinib --- saracatinib --- EC-8042 --- Ovarian cancer --- Wnt signaling --- tumor progression --- therapy resistance --- exosomes --- oral cancer risk --- oral epithelial dysplasia --- SOX2 --- immunohistochemistry --- oral squamous cell carcinoma --- genome-wide --- transcriptome --- lung cancer --- ATAC-seq --- RNA-seq --- CSCs --- NSCLC --- B4GALT1 --- LUAD --- breast cancer --- lipid --- metabolism --- therapeutic resistance --- bowel cancer --- organoid --- tumoroid --- colorectal --- colon --- stem cell --- chemotherapy resistance --- ovarian cancer --- cancer stem cell --- genetic heterogeneity --- SNP array --- L1CAM --- chemoresistance --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- cancer therapy --- cell adhesion molecule

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Biomarkers are of critical medical importance for oncologists, allowing them to predict and detect disease and to determine the best course of action for cancer patient care. Prognostic markers are used to evaluate a patient’s outcome and cancer recurrence probability after initial interventions such as surgery or drug treatments and, hence, to select follow-up and further treatment strategies. On the other hand, predictive markers are increasingly being used to evaluate the probability of benefit from clinical intervention(s), driving personalized medicine. Evolving technologies and the increasing availability of “multiomics” data are leading to the selection of numerous potential biomarkers, based on DNA, RNA, miRNA, protein, and metabolic alterations within cancer cells or tumor microenvironment, that may be combined with clinical and pathological data to greatly improve the prediction of both cancer progression and therapeutic treatment responses. However, in recent years, few biomarkers have progressed from discovery to become validated tools to be used in clinical practice. This Special Issue comprises eight review articles and five original studies on novel potential prognostic and predictive markers for different cancer types.

Medicine --- MSI2 --- OSCC --- oral cancer --- musashi 2 --- prognosis --- N-cadherin --- EMT --- breast cancer --- new metastasis --- eribulin --- blood --- biomarker --- bladder cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- CD8+ T effector cells --- microRNA --- biomarkers --- head and neck cancer --- laryngeal cancer --- prediction --- metastasis --- lifestyle habit --- chemo-/radio resistance --- therapeutic target --- AKT --- AR --- castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- MAPK --- mTOR --- PI3K --- prostate cancer --- therapeutic resistance --- WNT --- miRNA --- melanoma --- melanoma resistance to MAPK/MEK inhibitors --- resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors --- TNBC --- BRCA1/2 --- HRR --- PDL1 --- TILs --- PI3KCA --- PTEN --- CTCs --- CSC --- pancreatic cancer --- K-RAS oncogene --- oncogene dependency --- targeted therapies --- genomic mutations --- transcriptomics --- metabolomics --- selenoproteins --- cancer --- HUB nodes --- major histocompatibility complex (MHC) --- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) --- antigen processing machinery (APM) molecules --- carcinogenesis --- tumor predisposition --- cancer immunotherapy --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- head and neck neoplasms --- head and neck tumors --- genetic syndromes --- mutations --- hyperglycemia --- cardioncology --- nivolumab --- cytokines --- cardiotoxicity --- acetyltransferase --- cancer prognosis --- NAA10 --- n/a

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Canada continues to have a rich history of ground-breaking research in drug delivery within academic institutions, pharmaceutical industry and the biotechnology community.

encapsulation --- biodistribution --- pharmaceutics --- targeted therapies --- gambogic acid --- GE11 peptide --- formulation and dosage form development --- transient modulation --- ROESY NMR spectroscopy --- bioaccessibility --- polymeric micelle --- pharmacological Inhibitors of HIF-1 and STAT3 --- nanoparticles --- Vitamin D --- drug discovery --- EGFR-targeted therapy --- translational research --- clinical trials --- doxorubicin --- dissolution --- drug development --- permeation enhancers --- Canada --- plant --- primary central nervous system lymphomas --- photostabilizers --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- mouse models --- drug delivery systems --- melphalan --- hypoxia-induced chemoresistance --- skin --- virus --- circadian clock --- child friendly formulation --- adenanthin --- co-delivery --- canola oil deodorizer distillate --- Metaplex --- innovation --- controlled drug delivery --- nifedipine --- radiolabeling --- amphotericin B --- biological barriers --- blood-brain barrier (BBB) --- biologicals --- lipid nanoparticles --- oral formulation --- phytosterols --- medical devices --- chronotherapy --- oral --- cationic gemini surfactant --- route of administration --- drug delivery --- intra-arterial chemotherapy --- developing world --- sustained delivery --- water miscible solvents --- combination therapy --- antibodies --- throughput --- magnetic fields --- liposomes --- medulloblastoma --- drug-resistant melanoma --- rosmarinic acid --- topical formulation --- TNO gastrointestinal model --- gastrointestinal simulator --- malignant gliomas --- transdermal drug delivery --- oral delivery --- precision medicine --- 3D spheroid --- flavonoids --- staurosporine --- DOX-Vit D --- loading gradients --- bacteriophage --- phospholipid complex --- triggered drug release --- HIF-1 --- phage display --- pharmacokinetics --- emulsion --- quercetin --- cisplatin --- parasitic infections --- remote loading --- HAV6 cadherin peptide --- blood-brain barrier --- inclusion complex --- tocopherols --- STAT3 --- ultrasound --- liposome --- fungal infections --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- MG63 --- model orange juice --- radiation --- cancer --- mefloquine --- small molecules --- Drug Delivery Systems --- Delivery systems, Drug --- Drug administration technology --- Drug delivery technology --- Drugs --- Pharmaceutical technology --- Delivery systems

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-based products are the most successful microbial insecticides to date. This entomopathogenic bacterium produces different kinds of proteins whose specific toxicity has been shown against a wide range of insect orders, nematodes, mites, protozoa, and human cancer cells. Some of these proteins are accumulated in parasporal crystals during the sporulation phase (Cry and Cyt proteins), whereas other proteins are secreted in the vegetative phase of growth (Vip and Sip toxins). Currently, insecticidal proteins belonging to different groups (Cry and Vip3 proteins) are widely used to control insect pests and vectors both in formulated sprays and in transgenic crops (the so-called Bt crops). Despite the extensive use of these proteins in insect pest control, especially Cry and Vip3, their mode of action is not completely understood. The aim of this Special Issue was to gather information that could summarize (in the form of review papers) or expand (research papers) the knowledge of the structure and function of Bt proteins, as well as shed light on their mode of action, especially regarding the insect receptors. This subject has generated great interest, and this interest has been materialized into the 18 papers of important scientific value in the field (5 reviews and 13 research papers) that have been compiled in this issue.

Research & information: general --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- Plutella xylostella --- Cry1Ac resistance --- trypsin-like midgut protease --- protoxin activation --- Spodoptera spp., Helicoverpa armigera --- Mamestra brassicae --- Anticarsia gemmatalis --- Ostrinia furnacalis --- Cry2Ab toxin --- Bombyx mori --- ATP-binding cassette subfamily a member 2 (ABCA2) --- genome editing --- transcription activator-like effector-nucleases (TALENs) --- HEK293T cell --- functional receptor --- Vip3Aa --- lysosome --- mitochondria --- apoptosis --- Sf9 cells --- Cry1Ab --- oligomer formation --- Sf21 cell line --- Ostrinia nubilalis --- Lobesia botrana --- Leptinotarsa decemlineata --- bioassay --- Cyt2Aa2 toxin --- protein-lipid binding --- erythrocyte membrane --- AFM --- QCM-D --- Asian corn borer --- ABCC2 --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- Cry1Fa --- resistance --- chitin-binding protein --- adhesion --- peritrophic matrix --- Vip3A --- Spodoptera litura --- site-directed mutagenesis --- Cry --- Cyt --- parasporins --- S-layer proteins --- Vip --- Sip --- membrane receptors --- insecticidal activity --- anticancer activity --- Aedes aegypti --- minor proteins --- synergy --- mosquito control --- Bti --- Spodoptera frugiperda --- cadherin --- mode of action of Cry toxin --- insecticidal proteins --- insect resistance --- tobacco budworm --- Bacillus thuringiensis proteins --- coleopteran pests --- structure --- mode of action --- 3D-structure --- biological control --- antimicrobial peptide --- gut microbiota --- vegetative insecticidal proteins --- pyramids --- 3D-Cry toxins --- in vitro evolution --- rational design --- toxin enhancement --- n/a