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Hypertension is a major health problem worldwide, increasing cardiovascular (CV) risk and mortality. Together with pharmacological treatments, non-pharmacological approaches, such as nutrient intake modifications, play an important role in optimizing treatment. A link has been demonstrated between hypertension and body weight as well as dietary habits. The aim of this Special Issue is to improve the understanding of the relationships between some nutrients and hypertension, and of the effects of different dietary approaches on hypertension regulation from different points of view.

arterial stiffness --- rest raw material --- n/a --- Ojeoksan --- adhesion molecule --- cardiovascular risk factors --- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system --- menopause --- children --- Mediterranean Diet --- fat --- salt intake --- renal sympathetic nerve activity --- obesity --- atherosclerosis --- parathyroid function --- endothelial function --- blood pressure --- fish protein --- nitric oxide --- l-NAME --- pregnancy --- weight loss --- magnesium --- polyphenol --- sodium --- nutrition --- nitrite --- developmental programming --- potassium --- sodium intake --- elderly --- amino acids --- pulse wave velocity --- calcium intake --- electrolytes --- hesperidin --- salt-sensitivity --- cardiovascular remodeling --- inflammation --- vascular inflammation --- diet --- renal transporters --- tea secondary metabolites --- endothelium --- calcium --- vasodilation --- vitamin D --- meta-analysis --- fructose --- sympathetic activity --- physical activity --- reprogramming --- fish meal --- Post Exercise Hypotension --- high blood pressure --- cod --- hypertension --- humans --- oxidative stress

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Calcium is the main mineral in the body, involved in a variety of structural and functional roles. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is perhaps the most studied function of vitamin D. This Special Issue of Nutrients, “Calcium, Vitamin D and Health” contains 12 original publications and two reviews investigating the contribution of (mainly) vitamin D and calcium on relevant health outcomes in a variety of populations, which reflect the evolving and broad interest of researchers on this topic.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- Vitamin D --- females --- exercise --- sedentary lifestyle --- nutrition --- elderly --- vitamin D --- depression --- depressive symptoms --- Mendelian randomization --- cyclists --- adolescence --- bone turnover --- osteocalcin --- dietary calcium intake --- adolescent boys --- adiposity --- percentage of body fat --- insulin resistance --- adipocytokines --- type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes --- metabolic syndrome --- autoimmune --- children --- cancer --- vitamin D metabolites --- vitamin D supplementation --- vitamin D metabolite ratio --- randomized controlled trial --- 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D --- calcitriol --- body mass index --- lean mass --- fat mass --- bone mineral density --- postmenopausal women --- obesity --- macronutrients --- sunlight --- physical activity --- season --- body composition --- strength --- bone health --- mediation --- childhood --- enriched food --- child --- cholecalciferol --- ergocalciferols --- dairy products --- multiple sclerosis --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- vitamin D binding protein --- hypovitaminosis D --- 25-hydroxyvitamin D --- postherpetic neuralgia --- spontaneous pain --- brush-evoked pain --- varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin --- DN4questionnaire --- vitamin D deficiency --- vitamin D supplements --- weight loss --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol --- triglycerides (TG) --- blood pressure --- n/a --- athletic performance --- 25(OH)D --- supplementation --- deficiency --- athlete

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The prevalence of diabetes is on the increase in the UK and worldwide, partly due to changes in lifestyle which predispose individuals to overweight and obesity. It is estimated that about 90% of the currently diagnosed adults have type 2 diabetes, and based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) report, about 422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014 compared with 108 million in 1980; this condition caused about 1.5 million deaths in 2012. In the United States of America, it is estimated that about 30.3 million adults are living with diabetes, with a further 1.5 million new diabetes cases diagnosed every year, representing an increasing prevalence of this condition. Diabetes represents a major public health challenge, despite advances in technology and the pharmaceutical industry. These problems may be in the form of acute or long-term complications. Therefore, in order to attenuate the problems of diabetes, management strategies usually include lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity and dietary interventions. Studies which evaluate the role of nutrition in the management of type 2 diabetes often involve human and animal models as these approaches enable us to have a broader and more in-depth understanding of the condition. In some cases, diabetes may co-exist with other conditions, such as stroke, and these may present unique challenges with regard to nutritional interventions. This Special Issue aims to evaluate the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes and the role of the diet in the management of people with this condition. This evidence is drawn from both human and animal studies.

low-carbohydrate --- lipids --- carbohydrate restricted diet --- aldosterone --- high fat diet --- interleukin-6 --- rosemary extract --- Hedychium coronarium --- isomaltulose --- low carbohydrate diet --- folk medicine --- free fatty acids (FFA) --- high-density lipoprotein cholesterol --- mushroom --- protein and fat counting --- incretins --- fish oil --- almond --- Japanese --- vitamin D deficiency --- low energy diet --- AMPK --- women --- glycaemic index --- T2DM --- zinc status --- ginseng --- longitudinal analysis --- dietary management approaches --- glucose monitoring --- gut microbiome --- nutritional supplement --- carbohydrate counting --- gestational diabetes --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- very-low-calorie --- inflammatory parameters --- vitamin D --- subjective appetite --- randomised controlled trial --- total body lean --- insulin secretion --- systematic review --- lactic acid bacteria --- food --- type 2 diabetes --- fish --- zinc intake --- glycaemic control --- diabetes --- dairy products --- glycated haemoglobin --- short chain fatty acids --- glycated hemoglobin A --- glycemic control --- vegetable oil --- standard formula --- cardiovascular risk factors --- DASH --- insulin dosage --- appendicular fat --- body composition --- total body fat --- micronutrients --- 25-OH-D --- obesity --- diabetes reversal --- enteral nutrition --- PUFA --- body mass index --- metabolic syndrome --- lifestyle management --- nutrition --- streptozotocin --- nuts --- enteral tube feeding --- lipid profile --- macronutrients --- triglyceride --- tempeh --- cohort study --- diabetes specific formula --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- diabetes mellitus --- calcium intake --- hyperglycemia --- epidemiology --- trace elements --- dietary intake --- muscle --- appendicular lean --- peanut --- insulin resistance --- sucromalt --- pancreatectomy --- energy restricted diet --- glycemic index --- type 1 diabetes --- fasting blood glucose --- bariatric surgery --- prediabetes --- aronia --- meta-analysis --- chronic conditions --- diabetes management --- dietary pattern --- diet quality --- lipid parameters --- feces