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Homology, genes, and evolutionary innovation
Author:
ISBN: 1400851467 Year: 2014 Publisher: Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press,

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Abstract

Homology-a similar trait shared by different species and derived from common ancestry, such as a seal's fin and a bird's wing-is one of the most fundamental yet challenging concepts in evolutionary biology. This groundbreaking book provides the first mechanistically based theory of what homology is and how it arises in evolution. Günter Wagner, one of the preeminent researchers in the field, argues that homology, or character identity, can be explained through the historical continuity of character identity networks-that is, the gene regulatory networks that enable differential gene expression. He shows how character identity is independent of the form and function of the character itself because the same network can activate different effector genes and thus control the development of different shapes, sizes, and qualities of the character. Demonstrating how this theoretical model can provide a foundation for understanding the evolutionary origin of novel characters, Wagner applies it to the origin and evolution of specific systems, such as cell types; skin, hair, and feathers; limbs and digits; and flowers. The first major synthesis of homology to be published in decades, Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation reveals how a mechanistically based theory can serve as a unifying concept for any branch of science concerned with the structure and development of organisms, and how it can help explain major transitions in evolution and broad patterns of biological diversity.

Keywords

Developmental genetics. --- Evolution (Biology) --- Genetic regulation. --- adaptation. --- amniotes. --- angiosperms. --- autopodium. --- biological diversity. --- body parts. --- body plans. --- breasts. --- canalization. --- cell fate. --- cell type identity. --- cell types. --- cell typogenesis. --- cells. --- character identity network. --- character identity. --- character origination. --- character states. --- characters. --- cis-regulatory elements. --- class. --- common ancestor. --- common ancestry. --- cryptic genetic variation. --- development. --- developmental biology. --- developmental evolution. --- developmental genetics. --- developmental mechanisms. --- developmental pathways. --- developmental types. --- developmental variation. --- devo-evo research. --- digit identity. --- digit loss. --- digits. --- embryonic stem cells. --- evolution. --- evolutionary biology. --- evolutionary developmental biology. --- evolutionary novelties. --- feathers. --- fins. --- finЬimb transition. --- flower development. --- flower organ identity. --- flower organs. --- flowers. --- functional specialization. --- functionalism. --- gene duplication. --- gene expression. --- gene regulatory networks. --- genes. --- genetics. --- hair. --- hierarchical homology. --- homeotic genes. --- homologous genes. --- homologs. --- homology. --- individuals. --- innovation. --- limbs. --- metaphysics. --- modularity. --- molecular genetics. --- molecular structuralism. --- morphological characters. --- morphological variation. --- natural kinds. --- natural selection. --- novel characters. --- paired fins. --- pentadactyl limb. --- perianth. --- phenotypic diversity. --- phenotypic evolution. --- philosophy. --- population biology. --- positional information. --- robustness. --- scales. --- science. --- serial homology. --- signaling centers. --- skin appendages. --- skin derivatives. --- skin. --- structuralism. --- tetrapod hand. --- tetrapod limbs. --- transcription factor proteins. --- transcription factors. --- transcriptional regulation. --- transposable elements. --- typology. --- variational structuralism. --- vertebrates.

The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses
Authors: ---
ISBN: 0691012210 0691004943 0691228191 Year: 1999 Publisher: Princeton : Princeton University Press,

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Abstract

Inducible defenses--those often dramatic phenotypic shifts in prey activated by biological agents ranging from predators to pathogens--are widespread in the natural world. Yet research on the inducible defenses used by vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater habitats has largely developed along independent lines. Ralph Tollrian and Drew Harvell seek to change that here. By bringing together leading researchers from all fields to review common themes and explore emerging ideas, this book represents the most current and comprehensive survey of knowledge about the ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Contributors examine organisms as different as unicellular algae and higher vertebrates, and consider defenses ranging from immune systems to protective changes in morphology, behavior, chemistry, and life history. The authors of the review chapters, case studies, and theoretical studies pinpoint unifying factors favoring the evolution of inducible defenses. Throughout, the volume emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach, integrating applied and theoretical ecology, evolution, genetics, and chemistry. In addition, Harvell and Tollrian provide an introduction and a conclusion that review the current state of knowledge in the field and identify areas for future research. The contributors, in addition to the editors, are May Berenbaum, Arthur Zangerl, Johannes Järemo, Juha Tuomi, Patric Nilsson, Anurag Agrawal, Richard Karban, Marcel Dicke, Ellen Van Donk, Miquel Lürling, Winfried Lampert, Simon Frost, John Gilbert, Hans-Werner Kuhlmann, Jürgen Kusch, Klaus Heckmann, Luc De Meester, Piotr Dawidowicz, Erik van Gool, Carsten Loose, Stanley Dodson, Christer Brönmark, Lars Pettersson, Anders Nilsson, Bradley Anholt, Earl Werner, Curtis Lively, Frederick Adler, Daniel Grünbaum, and Wilfried Gabriel.

Keywords

Animal defenses --- Plant defenses. --- Ecology. --- Evolution (Biology) --- Ecologie --- Evolution (Biologie) --- plante. --- defense (comportement animal) --- animal. --- evolution (biologie) --- animal --- Biocenoses. --- Plantes --- Animaux --- Évolution (Biologie) --- Écologie. --- mecanisme de defense (biologie vegetale) --- Adaptation. --- Moyens de defense --- Évolution. --- Moyens de defense. --- Acanthina angelica. --- Acanthocyclops. --- Aceria cladophthirus. --- Archips purpurana. --- Bacillus thuringiensis. --- Biomphalaria mansoni. --- Briareum asbestinum. --- Campoletis sonorensis. --- Candida albicans. --- Celleporaria. --- Chaoborus. --- Daphnia. --- Delia radicum. --- Diacrisia virginica. --- Epischura. --- Eudiaptomus gracilis. --- Euxoa tessellata. --- Filinia mystacina. --- Gorgonacea. --- Helicoverpa zea. --- Lagopus lagopus. --- Lysiphlebus testaceipes. --- Mamestra brassicae. --- Opius dissitus. --- Panonychus ulmi. --- activity of prey. --- adaptation of herbivores. --- allocation costs. --- amplification of defenses. --- barnacles. --- behavioral plasticity. --- biological control. --- bryozoans. --- cabbage. --- canalization. --- cannibalism. --- competition. --- cyclomorphosis. --- design of experiments. --- dragonfly larvae. --- egg size. --- feeding cycle of predators. --- field studies. --- game theory. --- generalist genotypes. --- handling time. --- ingestion rate. --- jasmonic acid. --- kleptoparasitism. --- life-table experiments. --- local adaptation. --- optimal defense theory. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Population biology --- Animal --- Bêtes --- Faune --- Règne animal --- Animalité --- Chez les animaux --- Cimetières d'animaux --- Produits animaux --- Sacrifice d'animaux --- Zoologie --- Animaux dans les ex-libris --- Animaux en papier --- Animaux en verre --- Animaux familiers --- Animaux à fourrure --- Mégafaune --- Fouisseurs --- Animaux de petite taille --- Homéothermes --- Animaux malades --- Animaux sauvages --- Métazoaires --- Poïkilothermes --- Animaux exotiques --- Animaux arboricoles --- Animaux marrons --- Animaux maltraités --- Animaux célèbres --- Animaux momifiés --- Animaux disparus --- Animaux préhistoriques --- Adaptation animale --- Animaux domestiques --- Adaptation --- Adaptation (biologie) --- Adaptation (physiologie) --- Flore --- Plantes non vasculaires --- Plantes vasculaires --- Règne végétal --- Trachéophytes --- Végétation --- Végétaux --- Plants --- Botanique --- Plantes monocarpiques --- Herbe --- Phytocosmétiques --- Musées botaniques --- Cormophytes --- Thallophytes --- Biocénotique --- Communautés biologiques --- Communautés biotiques --- Écologie des populations --- Synécologie --- Biologie des populations --- Chaînes alimentaires --- Associations végétales --- Communautés animales --- Communautés fongiques --- Symbiose --- Écosystèmes --- Adaptation végétale --- Cultures --- Plantes cultivées --- Plantes sauvages --- philosophie --- Aspect symbolique --- Dans l'art --- Droit international --- Industrie et commerce --- Noms vernaculaires --- Composition chimique --- Religion --- matériau d'artistes --- Acclimatation

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