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Le 9 novembre 1989, la chute du Mur de Berlin mettait symboliquement fin a un demi-siecle de 'Guerre froide', terme forge au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale par George Orwell. L'une apres l'autre, les democraties populaires d'Europe de l'Est briserent leur joug, jusqu'au demantelement du grand frere sovietique. Ce long affrontement de part et d'autre du 'rideau de fer' a fait des millions de victimes. Car cette guerre n'a pas seulement oppose deux systemes politiques. A son acme, entre 1947 et 1953, et pendant quatre decennies encore, elle s'est traduite par une lutte sans merci, parfois sanglante, pour l'existence d'un monde libre face a des Etats totalitaires qui aspiraient a triompher sur l'ensemble du globe. Guerres de Coree, d'Indochine et du Vietnam, ecrasement des revoltes de Berlin-Est, Budapest et Prague, chasse aux sorcieres du maccarthysme et crise des missiles a Cuba, deportations en masse au Goulag et massacre de Tian'anmen... Autant de jalons significatifs, autant de 'points chauds' que l'auteur a choisi de raconter et d'analyser. Une chronique qui se veut aussi un hommage au combat pour la liberte incarne par quelques figures remarquables, de Victor Kravchenko a Alexandre Soljenitsyne, qui n'ont pas craint de reveler au monde les crimes et les mensonges du 'socialisme reel' et du systeme sovietique.

COLD WAR--HISTORY

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"Confrontation homérique entre le capitalisme et le socialisme, la guerre froide a atteint son paroxysme entre 1945 et 1989. Pourtant, ses origines remontent à des temps bien plus anciens, et on en perçoit aujourd'hui encore les conséquences. A son apogée, elle a cimenté un système international structuré autour de deux superpuissances, un monde bipolaire dans lequel le pouvoir et la violence – ou le chantage à la violence - sont devenus les critères des relations internationales ; un monde, enfin, où les convictions tendent vers l'absolu, vouant l'adversaire aux gémonies. Avec une remarquable hauteur de vue, l'historien Odd Arne Westad situe la guerre froide en tant que phénomène mondial - évoquant Cuba, la Corée, l'Angola, le Pakistan, l'Egypte, l'Iran... autant de pays sommés de prendre position dans cette vaste lutte idéologique -, et partant des années 1890, date de la première crise capitaliste mondiale, de la radicalisation du mouvement ouvrier européen et de la transformation de l'Amérique et de la Russie en empires transcontinentaux, pour s'arrêter une centaine d'années plus tard, autour de 1990, avec la chute du mur de Berlin, l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique et, en définitive, l'émergence des Etats-Unis comme véritable puissance hégémonique mondiale. Une somme magistrale, qui fera date."

COLD WAR--HISTORY --- Guerre froide --- Relations internationales --- History, Modern --- Cold War --- Histoire. --- Origines. --- Origin. --- History. --- Origins.

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Radio in propaganda --- International broadcasting --- Cold War --- History --- History. --- Radio Free Europe --- 20th century --- Radio in propaganda - History - 20th century. --- International broadcasting - History - 20th century. --- Cold War - History.

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As Germany and then Japan surrendered in 1945 there was a tremendous hope that a new and much better world could be created from the moral and physical ruins of the conflict. Instead, the combination of the huge power of the USA and USSR and the near-total collapse of most of their rivals created a unique, grim new environment: the Cold War.For over forty years the demands of the Cold War shaped the life of almost all of us. There was no part of the world where East and West did not, ultimately, demand a blind and absolute allegiance, and nowhere into which the West and East did not reach. Countries as remote from each other as Korea, Angola and Cuba were defined by their allegiances. Almost all civil wars became proxy conflicts for the superpowers. Europe was seemingly split in two indefinitely.Arne Westad's remarkable new book is the first to have the distance from these events and the ambition to create a convincing, powerful narrative of the Cold War. The book is genuinely global in its reach and captures the dramas and agonies of a period always overshadowed by the horror of nuclear war and which, for millions of people, was not 'cold' at all: a time of relentless violence, squandered opportunities and moral failure.This is a book of extraordinary scope and daring. It is conventional to see the first half of the 20th century as a nightmare and the second half as a reprieve. Westad shows that for much of the world the second half was by most measures even worse.

COLD WAR--HISTORY --- World politics --- Cold War --- World history --- Universal history --- Coexistence (World politics) --- Peaceful coexistence --- Influence --- Cold War (1945-1989) --- S38/0400 --- S38/0900 --- S04/0900 --- Works not related to China and the Far East--History: General --- Works not related to China and the Far East--Foreign relations and world politics: general --- China: History--People's Republic: general --- History

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During the country’s dictatorship from 1973 to 1985, Uruguayans suffered under crushing repression, which included the highest rate of political incarceration in the world. In Of Light and Struggle, Debbie Sharnak explores how activists, transnational social movements, and international policymakers collaborated and clashed in response to this era and during the country’s transition back to democratic rule.At the heart of the book is an examination of how the language and politics of human rights shifted over time as a result of conflict and convergence between local, national, and global dynamics. Sharnak examines the utility and limits of human rights language used by international NGOs, such as Amnesty International, and foreign governments, such as the Carter administration. She does so by exploring tensions between their responses to the dictatorship’s violations and the grassroots struggle for socioeconomic rights as well as new social movements around issues of race, gender, religion, and sexuality in Uruguay. Sharnak exposes how international activists used human rights language to combat repression in foreign countries, how local politicians, unionists, and students articulated more expansive social justice visions, how the military attempted to coopt human rights language for its own purposes, and how broader debates about human rights transformed the fight over citizenship in renewed democratic societies. By exploring the interplay between debates taking place in activists’ living rooms, presidential administrations, and international halls of power, Sharnak uncovers the messy and contingent process through which human rights became a powerful discourse for social change, and thus contributes to a new method for exploring the history of human rights.By looking at this pivotal period in international history, Of Light and Struggle suggests that discussions around the small country on the Río de la Plata had global implications for the possibilities and constraints of human rights well beyond Uruguay’s shores.

Human rights movements --- Human rights --- Transitional justice --- International cooperation. --- 1960s activism. --- 1973. --- 1985. --- Carter administration. --- Cold war history. --- Human rights. --- Latin America and human rights. --- Latin American history. --- NGOs. --- Transitional justice. --- US foreign policy and latin America. --- Uruguay history. --- accountability. --- blanket amnesty. --- dictatorship. --- disappearance disappeared. --- grassroots. --- military abuses. --- political prisoner. --- political repression. --- post-authoritarian. --- torture chamber of Latin America. --- transnational international history.