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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Neurosciences --- neurodegenerative disease --- molecular biology --- stroke --- middle cerebral artery and common carotid artery occlusion --- cerebrovascular disease --- therapeutics

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Ultrasound medical imaging stands out among the other diagnostic imaging modalities for its patient-friendliness, high temporal resolution, low cost, and absence of ionizing radiation. On the other hand, it may still suffer from limited detail level, low signal-to-noise ratio, and narrow field-of-view. In the last decade, new beamforming and image reconstruction techniques have emerged which aim at improving resolution, contrast, and clutter suppression, especially in difficult-to-image patients. Nevertheless, achieving a higher image quality is of the utmost importance in diagnostic ultrasound medical imaging, and further developments are still indispensable. From this point of view, a crucial role can be played by novel beamforming techniques as well as by non-conventional image formation techniques (e.g., advanced transmission strategies, and compounding, coded, and harmonic imaging). This Special Issue includes novel contributions on both ultrasound beamforming and image formation techniques, particularly addressed at improving B-mode image quality and related diagnostic content. This indeed represents a hot topic in the ultrasound imaging community, and further active research in this field is expected, where many challenges still persist.

n/a --- signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) --- multi-perspective ultrasound imaging --- dictionary learning --- common carotid artery --- spatial resolution --- contrast enhancement --- sparse representation --- PMUT linear array --- K-singular value decomposition --- time resolution --- cardiac imaging --- coded excitation --- plane wave --- beam pattern --- grating lobe suppression --- spatial coherence --- subcutaneous fat layer --- cylindrical scanning --- parallel beam forming --- microbubble --- MR-visible fiducial marker --- ultrasonic imaging --- speckle reduction --- multi-line transmission --- MRI --- adaptive beamforming --- super-resolution --- filtered-delay multiply and sum beamforming --- B-mode imaging --- medical ultrasound --- intima-media complex longitudinal motion --- synthetic aperture --- quantitative parametrization --- arterial wall motion --- pth root --- beam forming --- medical image processing --- crosstalk artifacts --- ultrasound imaging --- diverging wave --- 1-3 piezocomposite material --- dynamic focusing --- multi-line acquisition --- image reconstruction --- plane wave imaging --- ultrasound --- multi-line transmit --- reconstruction --- thyroid imaging --- beamforming

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Mounting evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between metabolism and inflammation. Molecular crosstalk between these processes occurs at different levels with the participation of nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). There are three PPAR isotypes, α, β/δ, and γ, which modulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways, making them key for the control of cellular, organ, and systemic processes. PPAR activity is governed by fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives, and by drugs used in clinics (glitazones and fibrates). The study of PPAR action, also modulated by post-translational modifications, has enabled extraordinary advances in the understanding of the multifaceted roles of these receptors in metabolism, energy homeostasis, and inflammation both in health and disease. This Special Issue of IJMS includes a broad range of basic and translational article, both original research and reviews, focused on the latest developments in the regulation of metabolic and/or inflammatory processes by PPARs in all organs and the microbiomes of different vertebrate species.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Biochemistry --- nuclear receptor --- gene transcription --- inflammation --- molecular docking --- PPARβ/δ --- lung --- pulmonary artery --- GW0742 --- GSK3787 --- docking --- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- PPARγ ligand --- coumarin --- fluorescent ligand --- screening --- crystal structure --- PPAR --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- metabolic reprograming --- glucose --- fatty acids --- mycobacteria --- M. tuberculosis --- M. leprae --- PPARs --- lipid droplets --- metabolic alterations --- hepatic damage --- nuclear factors --- pharmacological targets --- AMPK --- GDF15 --- insulin resistance --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) --- real-time PCR --- ELISA --- immunohistochemistry --- signaling pathway --- PPAR gamma --- brain --- neural stem cells --- infection --- neuroinflammation --- HIV --- Zika --- cytomegalovirus --- neurogenesis --- microglia --- liver damage --- toll-like receptor 4 --- P2Y2 receptor --- metabolic syndrome --- resveratrol --- quercetin --- PPARα --- peroxisome --- β-oxidation --- PPRE --- ligand --- coregulator --- micronutrients --- PPARα knockout --- adipose tissue --- browning --- lipid metabolism --- depression --- PPARg --- neuropathology --- corticotropin releasing hormone --- norepinephrine --- subgenual prefrontal cortex --- amygdala --- nucleus accumbens --- common carotid artery occlusion --- electroretinography --- fibroblast growth factor 21 --- pemafibrate --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha --- retinal ischemia --- skeletal muscle --- substrate metabolism --- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- sex dimorphism --- lipidomics --- hepatic sex-biased gene expression --- PPARγ --- pulmonary arterial hypertension --- TGFβ --- vascular injury --- proliferation --- kidney fibrosis --- pattern-recognition receptors --- phagocytosis --- nitric oxide synthase --- fenofibrate --- oleoylethanolamide --- palmitoylethanolamide --- cancer --- immunity --- obesity --- diabetes --- miRNA --- DNA methylation --- histone modification --- peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor --- fatty acid oxidation --- doping control --- regulatory T cells --- exercise --- nuclear receptors --- nutrigenomics --- energy homeostasis --- dairy animals --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) --- bezafibrate --- fenofibric acid --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor --- dual/pan agonist --- X-ray crystallography --- n/a

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Mounting evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between metabolism and inflammation. Molecular crosstalk between these processes occurs at different levels with the participation of nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). There are three PPAR isotypes, α, β/δ, and γ, which modulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways, making them key for the control of cellular, organ, and systemic processes. PPAR activity is governed by fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives, and by drugs used in clinics (glitazones and fibrates). The study of PPAR action, also modulated by post-translational modifications, has enabled extraordinary advances in the understanding of the multifaceted roles of these receptors in metabolism, energy homeostasis, and inflammation both in health and disease. This Special Issue of IJMS includes a broad range of basic and translational article, both original research and reviews, focused on the latest developments in the regulation of metabolic and/or inflammatory processes by PPARs in all organs and the microbiomes of different vertebrate species.

nuclear receptor --- gene transcription --- inflammation --- molecular docking --- PPARβ/δ --- lung --- pulmonary artery --- GW0742 --- GSK3787 --- docking --- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- PPARγ ligand --- coumarin --- fluorescent ligand --- screening --- crystal structure --- PPAR --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- metabolic reprograming --- glucose --- fatty acids --- mycobacteria --- M. tuberculosis --- M. leprae --- PPARs --- lipid droplets --- metabolic alterations --- hepatic damage --- nuclear factors --- pharmacological targets --- AMPK --- GDF15 --- insulin resistance --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) --- real-time PCR --- ELISA --- immunohistochemistry --- signaling pathway --- PPAR gamma --- brain --- neural stem cells --- infection --- neuroinflammation --- HIV --- Zika --- cytomegalovirus --- neurogenesis --- microglia --- liver damage --- toll-like receptor 4 --- P2Y2 receptor --- metabolic syndrome --- resveratrol --- quercetin --- PPARα --- peroxisome --- β-oxidation --- PPRE --- ligand --- coregulator --- micronutrients --- PPARα knockout --- adipose tissue --- browning --- lipid metabolism --- depression --- PPARg --- neuropathology --- corticotropin releasing hormone --- norepinephrine --- subgenual prefrontal cortex --- amygdala --- nucleus accumbens --- common carotid artery occlusion --- electroretinography --- fibroblast growth factor 21 --- pemafibrate --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha --- retinal ischemia --- skeletal muscle --- substrate metabolism --- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- sex dimorphism --- lipidomics --- hepatic sex-biased gene expression --- PPARγ --- pulmonary arterial hypertension --- TGFβ --- vascular injury --- proliferation --- kidney fibrosis --- pattern-recognition receptors --- phagocytosis --- nitric oxide synthase --- fenofibrate --- oleoylethanolamide --- palmitoylethanolamide --- cancer --- immunity --- obesity --- diabetes --- miRNA --- DNA methylation --- histone modification --- peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor --- fatty acid oxidation --- doping control --- regulatory T cells --- exercise --- nuclear receptors --- nutrigenomics --- energy homeostasis --- dairy animals --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) --- bezafibrate --- fenofibric acid --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor --- dual/pan agonist --- X-ray crystallography --- n/a

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Cerebrovascular Disorders --- Arteries --- Cerebrovascular Trauma --- Aneurysm, Dissecting --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Vascular Diseases --- Trauma, Nervous System --- Blood Vessels --- Brain Diseases --- Aneurysm --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Wounds and Injuries --- Cardiovascular Diseases --- Nervous System Diseases --- Central Nervous System Diseases --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Cardiovascular System --- Diseases --- Anatomy --- Carotid Arteries --- Carotid Artery Injuries --- Vertebral Artery Dissection --- Vertebral Artery --- Carotid Artery Diseases --- Physiology --- Surgery & Anesthesiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Surgery - General and By Type --- Injuries and Wounds --- Injuries, Wounds --- Research-Related Injuries --- Wounds --- Wounds and Injury --- Wounds, Injury --- Injuries --- Trauma --- Injuries, Research-Related --- Injury --- Injury and Wounds --- Injury, Research-Related --- Research Related Injuries --- Research-Related Injury --- Traumas --- Wound --- First Aid --- Traumatology --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Fusiform Aneurysm --- Saccular Aneurysm --- Aneurysm, Fusiform --- Aneurysms --- Aneurysms, Fusiform --- Fusiform Aneurysms --- Brain Disorders --- CNS Disorders, Intracranial --- Central Nervous System Disorders, Intracranial --- Central Nervous System Intracranial Disorders --- Encephalon Diseases --- Encephalopathy --- Intracranial CNS Disorders --- Intracranial Central Nervous System Disorders --- Brain Disease --- Brain Disorder --- CNS Disorder, Intracranial --- Encephalon Disease --- Encephalopathies --- Intracranial CNS Disorder --- Blood Vessel --- Vessel, Blood --- Vessels, Blood --- Axonotmesis --- Injuries, Nervous System --- Neurotmesis --- Craniocervical Injuries --- Nervous System Injuries --- Axonotmeses --- Craniocervical Injury --- Nervous System Injury --- Nervous System Trauma --- Nervous System Traumas --- Neurotmeses --- Nervous System --- Disease, Vascular --- Diseases, Vascular --- Vascular Disease --- Cardiology --- Biologic Sciences --- Biological Science --- Science, Biological --- Sciences, Biological --- Biological Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biologic Science --- Biological Science Discipline --- Discipline, Biological Science --- Disciplines, Biological Science --- Life Science --- Science Discipline, Biological --- Science Disciplines, Biological --- Science, Biologic --- Science, Life --- Sciences, Biologic --- Sciences, Life --- Aortic Dissection --- Blood Vessel Dissection --- Dissection, Blood Vessel --- Dissecting Aneurysm --- Aneurysms, Dissecting --- Aortic Dissections --- Dissecting Aneurysms --- Dissection, Aortic --- Dissections, Aortic --- Brain Injury, Vascular --- Injury, Vascular, Brain --- Vascular Trauma, Brain --- Vascular Injury, Brain --- Brain Injuries, Vascular --- Brain Vascular Injury --- Brain Vascular Trauma --- Injuries, Brain Vascular --- Injury, Brain Vascular --- Trauma, Cerebrovascular --- Vascular Brain Injuries --- Vascular Brain Injury --- Vascular Traumas, Brain --- Artery --- Cerebrovascular Diseases --- Cerebrovascular Insufficiency --- Cerebrovascular Occlusion --- Brain Vascular Disorders --- Intracranial Vascular Disorders --- Vascular Diseases, Intracranial --- Brain Vascular Disorder --- Cerebrovascular Disease --- Cerebrovascular Disorder --- Cerebrovascular Insufficiencies --- Cerebrovascular Occlusions --- Disease, Cerebrovascular --- Diseases, Cerebrovascular --- Insufficiencies, Cerebrovascular --- Insufficiency, Cerebrovascular --- Intracranial Vascular Disease --- Intracranial Vascular Diseases --- Intracranial Vascular Disorder --- Occlusion, Cerebrovascular --- Occlusions, Cerebrovascular --- Vascular Disease, Intracranial --- Vascular Disorder, Brain --- Vascular Disorder, Intracranial --- Vascular Disorders, Brain --- Vascular Disorders, Intracranial --- Circulatory System --- Cardiovascular Systems --- Circulatory Systems --- Blood Circulation --- CNS Diseases --- Central Nervous System Disorders --- CNS Disease --- Central Nervous System Disease --- Central Nervous System Disorder --- Nervous System Disorders --- Neurological Disorders --- Neurologic Disorders --- Disease, Nervous System --- Diseases, Nervous System --- Disorder, Nervous System --- Disorder, Neurologic --- Disorder, Neurological --- Disorders, Nervous System --- Disorders, Neurologic --- Disorders, Neurological --- Nervous System Disease --- Nervous System Disorder --- Neurologic Disorder --- Neurological Disorder --- Neurology --- Cardiovascular Disease --- Disease, Cardiovascular --- Diseases, Cardiovascular --- Arterial Diseases, Carotid --- Arterial Diseases, Common Carotid --- Arterial Diseases, External Carotid --- Arterial Diseases, Internal Carotid --- Atherosclerotic Disease, Carotid --- Carotid Artery Disorders --- Carotid Atherosclerotic Disease --- Common Carotid Artery Diseases --- External Carotid Artery Diseases --- Internal Carotid Artery Diseases --- Carotid Atherosclerosis --- Arterial Disease, Carotid --- Artery Disease, Carotid --- Artery Diseases, Carotid --- Artery Disorder, Carotid --- Artery Disorders, Carotid --- Atherosclerotic Diseases, Carotid --- Carotid Arterial Disease --- Carotid Arterial Diseases --- Carotid Artery Disease --- Carotid Artery Disorder --- Carotid Atheroscleroses --- Carotid Atherosclerotic Diseases --- Disorders, Carotid Artery --- Plaque, Atherosclerotic --- Vertebral Arteries --- Arteries, Vertebral --- Artery, Vertebral --- Spontaneous Vertebral Artery Dissection --- Traumatic Vertebral Artery Dissection --- Vertebral Artery Dissection, Spontaneous --- Vertebral Artery Dissection, Traumatic --- Dissecting Vertebral Artery Aneurysm --- Artery Dissection, Vertebral --- Artery Dissections, Vertebral --- Dissection, Vertebral Artery --- Dissections, Vertebral Artery --- Vertebral Artery Dissections --- Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic --- Carotid False Aneurysm --- False Aneurysm, Carotid --- Injuries, Carotid Artery --- Carotid Pseudoaneurysm --- Trauma, Carotid Artery --- Artery Injuries, Carotid --- Artery Injury, Carotid --- Artery Trauma, Carotid --- Carotid Arteriopathy, Traumatic --- Carotid Artery Injury --- Carotid Artery Trauma --- Carotid False Aneurysms --- Injury, Carotid Artery --- Pseudoaneurysm, Carotid --- Traumatic Carotid Arteriopathy --- Carotid Artery, External --- Carotid Artery, Internal --- Carotid Artery, Common --- Arteries, Carotid --- Artery, Carotid --- Carotid Artery --- Anatomies --- injuries --- Carotid artery --- Surgery.