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This book comprises ten articles covering different aspects of power quality issues in microgrids and distributed generation (DG) systems, including 1) Detection and estimation of power quality; 2) Modeling; 3) Harmonic control for DG systems and microgrids; 4) Stability improvements for microgrids. Different power quality phenomena and solution were studied in the included papers, such as harmonics, resonance, frequency deviation, voltage sag, and fluctuation. From a network point of view, some papers studied the harmonic and stability issues in standalone microgrids which are more likely to cause power quality problems. Other papers discussed the power quality problems in microgrids which are weakly interconnected with the main distribution grid. In view of the published papers, there is a trend that increasingly advanced modeling, analysis, and control schemes were applied in the studies. Moreover, the latest works focus not only on single-unit problems but also multiple units or network issues. Although some of the hot topics are not included, this book covers multiple aspects of the current power quality research frontier, and represents a particularly useful reference book for frontier researchers in this field.

power quality improvement --- differential feedforward --- weak grid --- data testing --- distributed generations --- voltage-source converter --- dynamic frequency support --- coordinated control --- grid-connection/island switching process --- virtual damping --- PV generation --- virtual inertia --- autonomous microgrid --- optimal virtual resistor --- multi-inverter system --- standalone microgrid --- unscented Kalman filter --- HVDC --- voltage fluctuation --- solar photovoltaic system --- nonlinear dynamic system --- state estimation --- voltage stability --- diesel generator --- voltage control --- multi-time scale --- sliding mode control --- power system simulation --- stability analysis --- grid impedance --- modeling method --- shunt inverter --- voltage compensation --- 2nd-order lowpass filter --- virtual synchronous generator --- microgrid --- output impedance --- hybrid energy storage --- grid-connected inverter --- parameter identification --- wind farm --- frequency stability --- harmonic suppression --- current source mode (CSM) --- voltage source mode (VSM) --- stand-alone microgrid --- frequency control --- vector control --- power quality control --- grid-tied inverter --- submarine cables --- line commutated converter --- reference current compensation --- power quality --- series inverter --- impedance enhancement

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This book is a printed version of the papers published in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers and the editorial, from 28 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.

Technology: general issues --- energy management strategy (EMS) --- distributed generator (DG) --- state of charge (SoC) --- circuit breaker (CB) --- standard test condition (STC) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- solar --- microgrid --- droop control --- patrol base --- islanded DC microgrid --- battery-only operation --- constant power load --- CPL --- floating DC bus --- stability criterion --- power management --- AC/DC distribution network --- distributed generator --- planning --- timing characteristics --- genetic-ant colony hybrid algorithm --- forest microgrid --- biomass energy --- operation mode-based sectional coordinated control --- hybrid energy storage --- predictive control --- inertia improvement --- unbalanced electric bridge --- DC insulation monitoring --- ground capacitance --- three-point climbing algorithm --- islanding detection --- DC grid --- active islanding detection method --- injected signal cancellation --- multi-distributed generations --- perturbation signal --- photovoltaic system --- direct current (DC) microgrid --- stability --- constant power loads --- large transmission line inductive --- simplified circuit model --- virtual negative inductance --- micro-grid --- hybrid micro-grid --- smart grid --- battery energy storage --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- hybrid vehicles (HEV) --- full-electric vehicles (EV) --- Bidirectional converters --- direct current (DC) grid --- hybrid microgrid --- bidirectional converters

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Electrical power systems are evolving at the generation, transmission, and distribution levels. At distribution level, small generating and storage units—the so-called distributed energy sources (DERs)—are being installed close to consumption sites. The expansion of DERs is empowering renewable energy source integration and, as a consequence, new actors are appearing in electrical systems. Among them, the prosumer is a game-changer; the fruit of the behavior transformation of the consumer who has not only the ability to consume power but also to produce it. Microgrids can be understood as DER installations that have the capability of both grid-connected and grid-isolated operation. During the last decades, there has been a significant deployment of microgrids (e.g., in countries like the United States, Switzerland, and Denmark) and a consequent increase in renewable energy generation. This is contributing to the decarbonization of electrical power systems. However, the variability and intermittency of renewable sources introduce uncertainty, which implies a more complex operation and control. Taking into account that existing and future planned microgrids are being/going to be interconnected to the current electrical network, challenges in terms of design, operation, and control at power system level need to be addressed, considering existing regulations.

energy management system --- buck-boost converter --- generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) communication --- stochastic optimization --- optimal dispatch --- decision tree --- coordinated control --- optimization --- congestion problems --- distributed optimization --- IEC 61850 Standard --- distributed energy resources (DERs) --- technical and economic optimization --- reliability evaluation --- power quality disturbances --- renewable --- DC microgrid --- HESS --- ruleless EV --- extension theory --- network planning --- integrated electrical and thermal grids --- reliability --- photovoltaic feasibility --- flexibility --- microgrid test facility --- microgrid --- multiresolution --- small-scale standalone microgrid --- IEC 61850 --- direct search method (DSM) --- maximum electrical efficiency --- load frequency control (LFC) --- droop control --- flexible generation --- grid independence --- frequency control --- particle swarm optimization --- battery storage --- microgrid stability controller (MSC) --- doubly fed induction machine --- coordinative optimization of energy --- power distribution --- hierarchical control scheme --- grounding --- operation --- electric energy market --- nonlinear programming --- cost and life --- total sliding-mode control --- distributed energy resource --- vehicle information system --- peak-cut --- smoothing wind power --- genetic algorithm --- medium-voltage networks --- vehicle-to-grid --- devices scheduling --- microgrids --- energy storage --- electric vehicle --- energy efficiency --- active filter --- embedded system --- multivariable generalized predictive control (MGPC) --- load power sharing --- flywheel energy storage (FES) --- renewable sources --- telecommunication power management --- micro-grid --- smart inverter --- distributed generation --- storage systems --- electric vehicle (EV) --- microgrid (MG) --- mesh configuration --- residential users --- renewable energy source --- radial configuration --- S-transform --- optimal power flow --- solid oxide fuel cell --- vehicle-to-grid (V2G) --- communication delay --- current harmonic reduction --- smart grids --- inrush current --- flexible and configurable architecture --- optimal capacity --- ESS effective rate --- smart grid --- multi-agent --- distributed energy resources --- regular EV --- peak-shift --- datacenter --- deterministic optimization --- plug and play --- chaos synchronization detection --- residential power systems --- power quality --- combined power generation system --- DC distribution --- isolated grid --- coordinated control strategy --- DC architectures --- predictive control --- demand-side management --- distributed generation (DG) --- curtailment

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This reprint presents various aspects of the future grid, which is the next generation of the electrical grid and will enable the smart integration of conventional, renewable, and distributed power generation, energy storage, transmission and distribution, and demand management. Renewable energy is crucial in transitioning to a less carbon-intensive economy and a more sustainable energy system. The high penetration and uncertain power outputs of renewable energy pose great challenges to the stable operation of energy systems. The deployment of the smart grid is revolutionary, and also imperative around the world. It involves and deals with multidisciplinary fields such as energy sources, control systems, communications, computational generation, transmission, distribution, customer operations, markets, and service providers. Smart grids are emerging in both developed and developing countries, with the aim of achieving a reliable and secure electricity supply. Smart grids will eventually require standards, policy, and a regulatory framework for successful implementation. This reprint addresses the emerging and advanced green energy technologies for a sustainable and resilient future grid, and provides a platform to enhance interdisciplinary research and share the most recent ideas.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- islanded mode --- microgrid --- decentralized control --- robust tracking --- invariant set --- thermal energy storage --- parabolic dish --- latent heat --- phase change material --- heat transfer fluid --- bio-inspired algorithms --- wireless sensor network --- genetic algorithm --- particle swarm optimization --- advanced metering infrastructure --- blockchain --- Ethereum --- isolated DC–DC converter --- photovoltaics --- LLC resonant converter --- dual-bridge --- wide voltage range --- power optimizer --- coordinated control --- vehicle-to-grid --- primary frequency control --- secondary frequency control --- state of charge --- decentralized --- Simulink model --- dimensionality reduction --- simple linear regression --- multiple linear regression --- polynomial regression --- load forecasting --- VSC (voltage source converter) --- PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) --- weak grid --- small signal stability --- eigenvalues --- demand-side management --- low-power consumer electronic appliances --- low-voltage distribution system --- non-intrusive identification of appliance usage patterns --- power quality --- smart home --- true power factor --- total harmonic distortion --- renewable energy sources --- energy management system --- communication technologies --- microgrid standards --- third-order sliding mode control --- asynchronous generators --- variable speed dual-rotor wind turbine --- direct field-oriented control --- integral-proportional --- transformer --- internal fault currents --- magnetic inrush currents --- extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm --- harmonic estimation --- DC microgrid --- fault --- cluster --- DC/DC converter --- fault current limiter (FCL) --- multi-objective --- renewable energy --- profit-based scheduling --- Equilibrium Optimizer --- smart grid --- campus microgrid --- batteries --- prosumer market --- distributed generation --- renewable energy resources --- energy storage system --- distributed energy resources --- demand response --- load clustering techniques --- sizing methodologies --- digital signal processing --- green buildings --- spectral analysis --- spectral kurtosis --- life-cycle cost --- optimal scheduling --- reinforcement learning --- enabling technologies --- energy community --- smart meter --- nanogrid --- platform --- power cloud --- n/a --- isolated DC-DC converter

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The use of renewable energy sources (RESs) is a need of global society. This editorial, and its associated Special Issue “Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Sources”, offers a compilation of some of the recent advances in the analysis of current power systems that are composed after the high penetration of distributed generation (DG) with different RESs. The focus is on both new control configurations and on novel methodologies for the optimal placement and sizing of DG. The eleven accepted papers certainly provide a good contribution to control deployments and methodologies for the allocation and sizing of DG.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- solar energy --- wind energy --- energy storage --- renewable energy integration --- Europe --- advanced metering infrastructure --- data acquisition --- IEC standards --- low-cost --- open source --- power measurement --- smart meter --- uncertainty evaluation --- frequency stabilization --- coordinated control --- wind turbine generator --- high-fidelity battery model --- releasable and absorbable energy --- photovoltaic emulator --- photovoltaic panel --- single diode model --- MPPT --- FSWT-SCIG --- battery storage system --- power system stability --- synchronous generator --- hybrid system --- voltage source converter --- passivity-based control --- proportional-integral control --- voltage regulation --- bi-directional converter --- LC impedance source converter --- DC–DC power converter --- bi-directional power flow --- alternating current networks --- direct current networks --- optimal power flow --- non-linear optimization --- control of power electronic converters --- distributed generation --- mixed-integer nonlinear programming --- second-cone programming --- discrete-sine cosine algorithm --- metaheuristic optimization --- DG placement --- evolutionary algorithms --- energy management --- fuzzy controller --- power systems analysis --- interconnected power systems --- latencies --- time-delay effects --- wide area monitoring systems --- renewable energy conversion --- power conditioning devices --- renewable energy policies --- power quality --- computations methods --- control strategies --- electric vehicle charging --- energy management systems --- ancillary services --- monitoring --- prognostic and diagnostic