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Many countries in the MENA region have established partial credit guarantee schemes to facilitate SME access to finance. These schemes can play an important role, especially in a period where MENA governments are making efforts to improve the effectiveness of credit registries and bureaus and strengthen creditor rights. This paper reviews the design of partial credit guarantee schemes in MENA, and assesses their preliminary outcomes. The paper is based on a survey conducted in 10 MENA countries in early 2010. The authors find that the average size of guarantee schemes in MENA (measured by the total value of outstanding guarantees) is in line with the international average, although there are wide differences across countries, and some schemes seem too small to make any significant impact. Most importantly, the number of guarantees looks generally small while their average value looks large. This suggests that guarantee schemes are not yet reaching the smaller firms. Guarantee schemes in MENA look financially sound and most schemes have room to grow. However, this growth should be accompanied by an improvement of some key design and management features, as well as the introduction of systematic impact evaluation reviews.

Access to Finance --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Capacity Building --- Coverage Ratios --- Credit Guarantee Scheme --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Microfinance --- Private Sector Development --- Risk Management --- Mena Region

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Interest in access to finance has increased significantly in recent years, as growing evidence suggests that lack of access to credit prevents lower-income households and small firms from financing high return investment projects, having an adverse effect on growth and poverty alleviation. This study describes some recent innovative experiences to broaden access to credit. These experiences are consistent with an emerging new view that recognizes a limited role for the public sector in financial markets, but contends that there might be room for well-designed, restricted interventions in collaboration with the private sector to foster financial development and broaden access. The authors illustrate this view with several recent experiences in Latin America and then discuss some open policy questions about the role of the public and private sectors in driving these financial innovations.

Access to Finance --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Credit Guarantee --- Debt Markets --- Emerging Markets --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial development --- Financial markets --- International Bank --- Investment projects --- Market Infrastructure --- Private Sector Development --- Public banks --- Return --- Transaction --- Transaction Cost

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This paper presents data on 76 partial credit guarantee schemes across 46 developed and developing countries. Based on theory, the authors discuss different organizational features of credit guarantee schemes and their variation across countries. They focus on the respective role of government and the private sector and different pricing and risk reduction tools and how they are correlated across countries. The findings show that government has an important role to play in funding and management, but less so in risk assessment and recovery. There is a surprisingly low use of risk-based pricing and limited use of risk management mechanisms.

Access to Finance --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Borrower --- Credit guarantee --- Debt Markets --- Deposit Insurance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial support --- Financing obstacles --- Guarantee schemes --- International bank --- Microfinance --- Partial credit --- Risk management --- Risk-based pricing --- Transaction costs

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waarborg zekerheid zekerheidsrecht & actualiteiten - kosteloze borgtocht (borg) wet d.d. 03.06.2007 - w.03.06.2007 informatieplicht schuldeiser - pand pandcontract wet d.d. 15.12.2004 w.15.12.2004 betreffende financiele zekerheden wet d.d. 31.01.2009 w.31.01.2009 betreffende de continuiteit van de ondernemingen - huur voorrecht van de verhuurder - hypotheekwet art.20 1 huurcontract hoofdverblijfplaats huurder huurwaarborg & Actualites du cautionnement a titre gratuit Chapitre 1. Champ d’application de la loi du 3 juin 2007 Chapitre 2. Formation du contrat Chapitre 3. Caution: un engagement limite Chapitre 4. Creancier: des obligations d’information & Le contrat de gage Chapitre 1. Le gage comme contrat reel Chapitre 2. Jurisprudence recente en matiere de gage Chapitre 3. La loi du 15 decembre 2004 relative aux suretes financieres: le gage sur instruments financierset le gage-especes Chapitre 4. La loi du 31 janvier 2009 relative a la continuite des entreprises & De quelques suretes specifiques aux baux a loyer partie 1. Le privilege du bailleur partie 2. La garantie locative et le bail de residence principale

Accords de volontés --- Agreements --- Borg (Recht) --- Cautionnement --- Cautions --- Collateral security --- Contract law --- Contracten --- Contracten -- Recht en wetgeving --- Contracts --- Contracts -- Law and legislation --- Contractual limitations --- Contrats --- Contrats -- Droit et législation --- Contrats de cautionnement --- Contrats de garantie --- Conventions (Contrats) --- Créances privilégiées --- Droit des contrats --- Droit des sûretés --- Droit du contrat --- Garantie (Droit) --- Garantie (Recht) --- Garantie personnelle --- Garanties (Droit) --- Garanties bancaires --- Guaranty --- Limitations [Contractual ] --- Obligations contractuelles --- Pactes (Contrats) --- Principal and surety --- Secured transactions --- Securite (Droit) --- Security (Law) --- Sureties --- Surety law --- Suretyship and guaranty --- Sûreté (Droit civil) --- Sûretés (Droit) --- Sûretés personnelles --- Sûretés réelles --- Waarborgen --- Pledges (Law) --- Leases --- Gage (Droit) --- Baux --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 347.0 --- 347.27 --- V91 Sûretés - Zekerheidsrechten --- 347.45 <493> --- BPB1101 --- Garantie de crédit --- Burgerlijk recht, privaatrecht: algemene werken en handboeken. --- Hypotheken. Onderpanden. Zakelijke zekerheid. Grondschuld. --- Bijzondere overeenkomsten --(algemeen)--België --- Kredietgarantie --- Zakelijke zekerheden --- Ebooks --- 347.45 <493> Bijzondere overeenkomsten --(algemeen)--België --- Sûretés (Droit) --- kredietgarantie --- úverová záruka --- paskolos garantija --- garanzia di credito --- garanzija ta' kreditu --- laenutagatis --- garantía de crédito --- luottotakuu --- gwarancja kredytu --- garantia de crédito --- kredītgarantija --- εγγύηση πίστωσης --- kreditna garancija --- credit guarantee --- Kreditgarantie --- hitelgarancia --- záruka úvěru --- кредитна гаранция --- kreditno jamstvo --- garanție de credit --- кредитна гаранција --- dorëzani për kredi --- kreditgaranti --- кредитно покритие --- kredito garantija --- instrument osiguranja povrata kredita --- hitelbiztosíték --- Burgerlijk recht, privaatrecht: algemene werken en handboeken --- Hypotheken. Onderpanden. Zakelijke zekerheid. Grondschuld --- E-books --- ráthaíocht chreidmheasa --- Garantie de crédit --- Belgique --- Droit civil --- Sûretés (droit) --- Gage (droit) --- Garantie

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This collected volume consists of high-quality research covering a wide range of topics related to energy economics and politics in developed countries. The papers are informative on how to encourage sustainable development and facilitate financing technology development, transfer, and applications to mitigate climate change. Air pollution, environmental regulations, green energy, energy certificates, transmission rights, and power generation are among the energy-related topic analyzed by the contributions included in this Special Issue.

Research & information: general --- environmental regulations --- employment --- manufacturing --- act on low-carbon green growth --- labor productivity --- Korea --- Dutch disease --- natural gas --- event study --- real exchange rate --- announcements --- currency appreciation --- export --- expectations --- carbon emission efficiency --- regional differences --- influencing factors --- the Modified undesirable EBM DEA model --- Tobit model --- energy performance certificates --- PV energy cost --- PV energy savings --- house prices --- environmental regulation --- oil prices --- stock prices --- panel data analysis --- ARDL --- financial sector --- water-energy-land nexus --- environmental policy integration --- policy analysis --- European Union --- green finance --- green investment --- green credit guarantee scheme --- community-based trust funds --- renewable energy --- Export-led growth --- economic growth --- Angola --- energy efficiency --- time-variant efficiency --- true fixed-effects model --- four components stochastic frontier model --- determinants of inefficiency --- Chinese provinces --- utilization efficiency --- data envelopment analysis --- undesirable output model --- bad output --- grey prediction model --- energy economics --- financial transmission rights (FTR) --- FTR auction --- FTR path evaluation --- electric market --- item response theory (IRT) --- psychometrics --- power generation --- electrical subsystems --- time series --- environmental degradation goal --- economic growth goal --- mean group analysis --- weighted scoring method --- electric buses --- zero-emission buses (ZEB) --- clean buses --- EU policy --- zero emission policy --- green energy --- city management --- simulation model --- strategy --- sustainable development