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"Evaluation of the quality of the sleep within the Belgian military personnel of the units involved in the Operation Vigilant Guardian (Homeland): a cross-sectional study"
This preliminary investigation aims to evaluate the quality of sleep within the Belgian military personnel of the units involved in the mission “Operation Vigilant Guardian” compared with their colleagues not participating in it.

A survey consisting of 52 items and including the socialprofessional features, medical conditions and quality of sleep informations was administered to 5073 military personnel of operational units.

1429 participants were selected in the study according to the criteria of inclusions. Among these, 67 % of the military personnel participating in the mission had a positive score for the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) compared to 63.9% of the non-participants. The median score of the participants was 6 (percentile 25 and 75: 4-8). Pains, alcohol consumption before the sleep, morning headaches and depression a part of explanatory factors.

The results of this study highlight a problem of sleep within the Belgian defense requiring other investigations to establish a program to help the military personnel. "Évaluation de la qualité du sommeil au sein du personnel militaire belge des unités impliquées dans l'Operation Vigilant Guardian (Homeland): une étude transversale"
Cette enquête préliminaire a pour but d’estimer la qualité du sommeil au sein du personnel militaire belge des unités impliquées dans la mission « Operation Vigilant Guardian » comparé à leurs collègues n’y participant pas.

Un questionnaire de 52 items reprenant les données socioprofessionnelles, médicales et de qualité de sommeil a été administré à 5073 militaires des unités opérationnelles. 

1429 participants ont été retenus dans l’étude en fonction des critères d’inclusions. Parmi ceux-ci, 67% des militaires participant à la mission avaient un score positif au Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) contre 63.9% des non-participants. Le score médian des participants était de 6 (percentile 25 et 75 : 4-8). Les douleurs, la consommation d’alcool avant le sommeil, les céphalées matinales et la dépression font parties des facteurs explicatifs. 

Les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence un problème de sommeil au sein de la défense belge nécessitant d’autres investigations afin d’établir un programme pour aider le personnel militaire.

Sleep Disorders, Military, PSQI, Cross-sectional Study --- Troubles du sommeil, Militaire, PSQI, Étude transversale --- Sciences de la santé humaine > Santé publique, services médicaux & soins de santé

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Introduction: In Cameroon, Malaria is the leading cause of death and morbidity in children under 5years of age and in pregnant women. It also represents 40% of household health expenditure in this country. To prevent malaria, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends, among other measures, the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, indoor insecticide sprays and chemoprevention. However, the effectiveness of these preventive measures remains limited. It is for this reason that, for several years now, research on possible malaria vaccine is being carried out by academics and pharmaceutical companies. An example is the renowned company glaxosmithkline (GSK) who came up with the RTS,S/ASO1 vaccine ("Mosquirix"). To date, the mosquirix vaccine is the only vaccine against malaria to have been validated by the European Medicines Agency. The WHO has authorized the implementation of a pilot study underway in 3 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana, Kenya and Malawi).
Aim: to determine the average maximum price that patients living in Cameroon would be willing to pay for this new vaccine and at the same time determine the factors influencing the prices offered.
Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, through a semi-open questionnaire in 5 hospitals in Cameroon (Dschang district hospital, protestant hospital of Mbouo in Bandjoun, Efoulan district hospital, CMA of Odza and Yaoundé military hospital). The study included all individuals aged 18 and over, who presented themselves for malaria-related counseling at one of the 5 above mentioned hospitals 
Results: we were able to obtain data from 1187 respondents aged between18 and 80 years. From these data, we noted that patients are willing to spend on average 1,34% of their income to benefit from this vaccine. This percentage corresponds to a maximum price of 1,850 Fcfa (2,84 euro). This price was significantly associated with respondents' income, having been consulted at least once for malaria within the 12 months preceding the survey and whether the respondent has at least 1 child under 5 years of age or not. Respondents had good knowledge of malaria but very limited knowledge of the vaccine.
Conclusion: the maximum price that cameroonian patients would be willing to pay for this RTS,S/ASO1 vaccine ("mosquirix") is 1850 Fcfa. Introduction : Le paludisme représente la première cause de mortalité et de morbidité chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans et chez les femmes enceintes au Cameroun. Il induit 40% des dépenses de santé des ménages dans ce pays. Afin de prévenir les cas de paludisme, l’OMS recommande, entre autres, l’utilisation de moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticide, la pulvérisation d’insecticide à l’intérieur des habitations et la chimio-prévention. Mais l’efficacité de ces moyens de prévention reste limitée. C’est dans ce contexte que, depuis plusieurs années des recherches sur la vaccination sont menées par des universitaires et des firmes pharmaceutiques. C’est le cas de GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) qui a mis sur pied le vaccin RTS,S/ASO1 (« Mosquirix »). Ce vaccin est le seul à ce jour contre le paludisme à avoir été validé par l’Agence Européenne des Médicaments et l’OMS a autorisé la réalisation d’une phase pilote en cours dans 3 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne (le Ghana, le Kenya et le Malawi). 
Objectif : Déterminer le prix moyen maximum que les patients vivant au Cameroun seraient prêts à payer pour ce nouveau vaccin et par la même occasion, déterminer les facteurs influençant les prix proposés. 
Matériels et méthode : Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale, au travers d’un questionnaire semi-ouvert dans 5 hôpitaux du Cameroun (hôpital de district de Dschang, hôpital protestant de Mbouo, Bandjoun, hôpital de district d'Efoulan, CMA d'Odza et hôpital militaire de Yaoundé). Ont été incluses dans l’étude toutes personnes âgées d’au moins 18 ans, venues en consultation pour des raisons liées au paludisme dans un des 5 hôpitaux.
Résultats : Nous avons pu obtenir des données de 1187 répondants âgés entre 18 et 80 ans. De ces données, il ressort le constat suivant : en vue de bénéficier d’un vaccin contre le paludisme, les patients sont prêts à dépenser en moyenne 1,34% de leurs revenus. Soit une somme maximale de l’ordre de 1850 Fcfa (2,84 Euro). Ce prix était significativement associé au revenu des patients, au fait d’avoir au moins 1 enfant de moins de 5 ans et au fait d’avoir été au moins 1 fois en consultation pour paludisme les 12 mois précédant l’enquête. Les répondants avaient une bonne connaissance sur le paludisme mais une connaissance très limitée en ce qui concerne le vaccin. 
Conclusion : le prix maximum que les patients camerounais serait prêt à payer pour ce vaccin RTS,S/ASO1 (« Mosquirix ») s’élève à 1850 FCFA.

willingness to pay --- malaria --- Vaccine --- cross-sectional study --- Cameroon --- Disponibilité à payer --- paludisme --- Vaccin --- étude transversale --- Cameroun --- Sciences de la santé humaine > Santé publique, services médicaux & soins de santé

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This text presents cutting-edge topics on and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for tear film abnormities, including dry eye disease and Meibomian gland dysfunction. A new management algorithm for Meibomian gland dysfunction, therapeutic eye drops and intense pulsed lasers for dry eye disease, and topical and systemic agents for neuropathic ocular pain are proposed in this issue.

Medicine --- cross-sectional study --- dry eye disease --- systemic comorbidity --- graves’ ophthalmopathy --- inflammation --- meibomian glands --- morphological changes --- meibomian gland dysfunction --- ocular surface disease --- dry eye symptoms --- questionnaire --- Bangladesh --- global health --- epidemiology --- aqueous-deficient dry eye --- meibomian gland --- intense pulsed light --- severe keratitis --- hyaluronan --- hylan A --- multicenter --- randomized trial --- gabapentin --- dry eye --- neuropathic pain --- diabetes --- neuropathic keratopathy --- neuropathy --- nerve growth --- neurotrophic --- Houttuynia --- ultrasonic atomization --- meibography --- meiboscore --- TRPM8 agonist --- cryosim-3 --- fatty acids --- vitamin D --- brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire --- Japanese

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In the last century, the average life expectancy at birth increased from roughly 45 years in the early 1900s to more than 80 years of age at present. However, living longer is often related to different levels of frailty. There is no curative treatment for frailty—the interventions that have been described as effective to slow or delay the onset of frailty are physical activity and nutritional interventions. Maintaining adequate nutrition status is important to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, many of which are age-related. On the other hand, frailty itself may have a negative effect on eating and, thus, on the nutritional status. This Special Issue, "Nutrition, Diet Quality, Aging and Frailty", addresses the existing knowledge on nutrition regarding the causative factors of frailty and disease due to aging, i.e., strategies for delaying the pathological effects of aging. It consists of twelve peer-reviewed papers covering original research, protocol development, methodological studies, narrative or systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, to better understand these complex relationships.

Medicine --- diet --- metabolism --- nutrient --- glucose --- lipid --- insulin --- neuroinflammation --- Alzheimer’s disease --- anti-ageing --- eating habits --- functional foods --- skin ageing --- breakfast --- meals --- older adults --- protein intake --- hyperhomocysteinemia --- vitamin B deficiency --- amyloid beta-peptides --- disease models --- animal --- memory and learning tests --- dietary diversity --- activities of daily living --- cohort study --- adults --- mortality --- QOL --- ADL --- Serum albumin --- self-assessed chewing ability --- inflammaging --- cognitive impairment --- cytokines --- physical frailty --- aged --- dietary inflammatory index --- dietary patterns --- frailty --- inflammation --- muscle function --- muscle mass --- sarcopenia --- prevalence --- nutrition --- physical activity --- meta-analysis --- meta-regression --- dairy products --- dietary pattern --- malnutrition --- food groups --- Mediterranean dietary pattern --- Westernized dietary pattern --- cross-sectional study --- aging --- lifespan --- carbohydrates --- whole grain --- protein

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Musculoskeletal disorders are a serious burden for patients and modern society. In Europe alone, 100,000,000 individuals suffer from musculoskeletal disorders and 40,000,000 affected workers cause losses due to work absence and a productivity loss of EUR 12 billion per year. Worldwide, musculoskeletal disorders are the second most common cause of pain and disability. Adequate diagnosis and early initiation of treatment are key elements in the care for patients suffering from musculoskeletal disorders, yet, for many musculoskeletal disorders, diagnostic tests lack appropriate accuracy. Treatment of musculoskeletal disorders is challenging as the mechanisms causing the complaints and mechanisms of action for the available treatment options are largely unknown. Moreover, these mechanisms and effectiveness might depend on specific patients’ characteristics and call for personalized strategies. This Special Issue invited researchers in the field to contribute to the state of the art in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. As many different healthcare professionals are involved in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, the Special Issue published high-quality studies from different areas of healthcare. Studies reporting on original research (e.g., randomized controlled trials, cohort studies), but also systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses within the scope of the Special Issue were considered. Given recent debates around the effectiveness of surgical interventions for musculoskeletal disorders and concomitant risks for adverse side-effects, intervention studies on non-surgical treatment options were prioritized.

Medicine --- osteoarthritis --- hip --- pain --- footwear --- case-crossover study --- musculoskeletal disorders --- therapeutic injections --- competence --- knee osteoarthritis --- radiography --- general practitioner --- secondary care physician --- diagnosis --- patellofemoral pain --- patellofemoral osteoarthritis --- pharmaceuticals --- nutraceuticals --- surgery --- long-term results --- adolescent idiopathic scoliosis --- skip pedicle fixation --- 10 years --- posterior fusion --- type 2 diabetes --- physical examination --- ultrasound --- shoulder pain --- adhesive capsulitis --- subacromial pain syndrome --- knee --- ACL --- injury --- KOOS --- symptoms --- knee pain --- early OA --- illness perceptions --- self-management strategies --- cross-sectional study --- survey --- femoral intercondylar notch --- knee anatomy --- ACL prevention --- ACL risk factors --- risk factor --- dance --- hypermobility --- lumbar radicular pain --- clinical practice guidelines --- AGREE II --- treatment