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Finite element method. --- Discontinuity mathematics --- Equations aux derivees partielles hyperboliques

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This is the first study to investigate the short- and long-term causal effects of a child-labor ban. The study explores the law that increased the minimum employment age from 14 to 16 in Brazil in 1998, and uncovers its impact on time allocated to schooling and work in the short term and on school attainment and labor market outcomes in the long term. The analysis uses cross-sectional data from 1998 to 2014, and applies a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to estimate the impact of the ban at different points of individuals' lifecycles. The estimates show that the ban reduced the incidence of boys in paid work activities by 4 percentage points or 27 percent. The study finds that the fall in child labor is mostly explained by the change in the proportions of boys working for pay and studying, and observes an increase in the proportion of boys only studying as a consequence. The results suggest that the ban reduced boys' participation in the labor force. The study follows the same cohort affected by the ban over the years, and finds that the short-term effects persisted until 2003 when the boys turned 18. The study pooled data from 2007 to 2014 to check whether the ban affected individuals' stock of human capital and labor market outcomes. The estimates suggest that the ban did not have long-term effects for the whole cohort, but found some indication that it did negatively affect the log earnings of individuals at the lower tail of the earnings distribution.

Child-Labor Ban --- Labor-Market Experience --- Regression Discontinuity Design --- School Attainment --- Social Protections and Labor

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Le temps, en archéologie, est un temps construit. Comment distinguer parmi les innovations celles qui modifient profondément les sociétés ? Comment apprécier les dynamiques du changement ? Comment l’évolution, imperceptible ou brutale, devient-elle révolution, subversive et refondatrice ? Ce volume prend appui sur la richesse des aires chrono-culturelles étudiées par les doctorants de l’ED 112 pour témoigner et débattre des manières dont nous percevons les transformations et leurs effets sur les sociétés du passé. Sur un temps court, les changements, brusques ou discrets, esquissent une dynamique évolutive. Il s’agit alors de les expliquer : déterminisme environnemental, fonctionnel, culturel, influence externe ou innovation locale. Mais il faut aussi estimer sur un temps long l’impact réel de ces bouleversements dans l’histoire. Les rythmes des mutations deviennent ainsi un indicateur de la stabilité d’une société et peuvent révéler sa transformation profonde. De la révolution de l’agriculture à la Révolution française, le dynamisme des sociétés humaines ne tient-il pas de leur capacité à toujours se renouveler ?

History & Archaeology --- Sociology & Anthropology --- évolution --- révolution --- transformation --- permanences --- innovation --- rupture --- evolution --- revolution --- change --- permanency --- time discontinuity

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Der Band erforscht das Interventionspotential kleinster Zeiteinheiten und fragt, wie literarische, musikalische und künstlerische Momentaufnahmen und Augenblicksaufzeichnungen mit Konzepten einer sprunghaften und diskontinuierlichen Zeitwahrnehmung korrespondieren. Die Beiträge zeigen, inwiefern der aktuelle Erregungsdiskurs über die Tyrannei des Moments und den flüchtigen Augenblick einen historischen Index hat und immer von dem unterschwelligen Mitlaufen der Reflexion über Subjektivität begleitet ist. Es werden verschiedene Modi des Entzugs von Moment und Augenblick offengelegt und gezeigt, wie die Auseinandersetzungsgeschichte auf diese Unzugänglichkeit mit einem eigenen Bilddenken reagiert. Mit Beiträgen von Eva Axer, Ursula Geitner, Toni Hildebrandt, Alexander Honold, Thomas Macho, Sigrid Nieberle, Birger Petersen, Eckhard Schumacher, Christian Wimplinger und Norbert Christian Wolf.

Zeitwissen --- Zeittaktung --- Kippmoment --- Diskontinuität --- Instantaneität --- Zeitdehnung --- Gegenwartsschock --- Musik --- Literatur --- Kunst --- moment --- discontinuity --- instantaneity --- time expansion --- present shock --- literature --- musik --- art

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This study estimates the causal effects of a public per-student subsidy program targeted at low-cost private schools in Pakistan on student enrollment and schooling inputs. Program entry is ultimately conditional on achieving a minimum stipulated student pass rate (cutoff) in a standardized academic test. This mechanism for treatment assignment allows the application of regression-discontinuity (RD) methods to estimate program impacts at the cutoff. Data on two rounds of entry test takers (phase 3 and phase 4) are used. Modeling the entry process of phase-4 test takers as a sharp RD design, the authors find evidence of large positive impacts on the number of students, teachers, classrooms, and blackboards. Modeling the entry process of phase-3 test takers as a partially-fuzzy RD design given treatment crossovers, they do not find evidence of significant program impacts on outcomes of interest. The latter finding is likely due to weak identification arising from a small jump in the probability of treatment at the cutoff.

Communities & Human Settlements --- Education --- Education For All --- Primary Education --- Private Schools --- Regression-Discontinuity Design --- Secondary Education --- Subsidies --- Teaching and Learning --- Tertiary Education --- Pakistan