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Among many concerns for Water distribution networks (WDNs), a major and essential one is to ensure to every customer good water quality. A well-known technique to easily assess water quality is to evaluate the water age. 

In this work, two existing methods to evaluate the water age in WDNs have been reviewed and implemented: the flow weighted method from the software Epanet, and the bins method introduced by Machel et al. (2009). First, assuming steady-state, a method with a new representation of the age distribution has been implemented. This last method is shown to be more accurate and more computationally efficient. It has been successfully applied on a full-scale network. Some models to extends this new method to unsteady-state have been reviewed and implemented. The new method is shown to not include any further complication compared to the already existing methods.

All the previously cited methods make two common assumptions: the complete mixing at the junctions and the plug flow assumption. These two hypotheses have been shown to be inaccurate by several authors. In the second part of this work, numerical techniques are developed to model more complex phenomena on academic networks. Some non-homogeneous mixing models are reviewed and implemented with the newly developed method. Dispersion effects are modelled thanks to an approximate analytical solution and a finite volume scheme to go beyond the plug flow assumption. The optimal model to consider the dispersion effects is shown to depend on the Peclet number in each pipe of the network.

Water age distribution --- Water quality management --- Numerical method --- Water distribution network --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres

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Nowadays, congestion and pollution are challenging urban transportation systems. Low emission zones and e-commerce force distribution networks to become more flexible and efficient. The well-known Vehicle Routing Problem and its variants such as the Multi-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem offer prospects for improvement in City Logistics. Based on the existing models, a new model is presented: the Multi-Echelon Multi-Satellite Multi-Product Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with one-day delay allowed. For the purpose of submitting a sustainable distribution network, a predominantly green freight is chosen to operate in the city and its suburban area. A local search based metaheuristic is developed to solve the model and evaluate the impact of the delay. The model and solving method are tested on realistic data on Liège-Namur area.

Multi-echelon vehicle routing problem --- Local search --- Metaheuristic --- Urban distribution network --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Production, distribution & gestion de la chaîne logistique

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Microgrids are a growing segment of the energy industry, representing a paradigm shift from centralized structures toward more localized, autonomous, dynamic, and bi-directional energy networks, especially in cities and communities. The ability to isolate from the larger grid makes microgrids resilient, while their capability of forming scalable energy clusters permits the delivery of services that make the grid more sustainable and competitive. Through an optimal design and management process, microgrids could also provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy and help to improve the operation and stability of regional energy systems. This book covers these promising and dynamic areas of research and development and gathers contributions on different aspects of microgrids in an aim to impart higher degrees of sustainability and resilience to energy systems.

Technology: general issues --- microgrid --- distribution network operator --- double externalities --- subsidy --- PV system --- PI controller --- fuzzy control --- MPPT --- tracking speed --- error --- Micro Grid --- VSG --- power sharing --- inertia support --- energy support --- small signal stability --- day-ahead operational scheduling --- reconfigurable microgrid --- DRNN Bi-LSTM --- aggregated load forecasting --- bulk photovoltaic power generation forecasting --- solar potential assessment --- resource mapping --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- site selection --- Iran --- earthquake --- power distribution network --- resilience improvement planning --- water distribution network --- load disaggregation --- non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) --- dimensionality reduction --- principal component analysis (PCA) --- smart home --- solar renewable --- thermal load --- stochastic operation --- energy storage --- sustainability --- desalination --- renewable energy --- water–energy-nexus --- photovoltaic grid-connected system --- power fluctuation --- DC bus voltage stabilization --- prescribed performance --- command-filtered adaptive backstepping control --- centralized control architecture --- DC microgrid --- distributed control architecture --- electricity price constraint --- hybrid control architecture --- power flow control strategy --- data pre-processing --- electricity theft --- imbalance data --- parameter tuning --- smart grid

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Microgrids are a growing segment of the energy industry, representing a paradigm shift from centralized structures toward more localized, autonomous, dynamic, and bi-directional energy networks, especially in cities and communities. The ability to isolate from the larger grid makes microgrids resilient, while their capability of forming scalable energy clusters permits the delivery of services that make the grid more sustainable and competitive. Through an optimal design and management process, microgrids could also provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy and help to improve the operation and stability of regional energy systems. This book covers these promising and dynamic areas of research and development and gathers contributions on different aspects of microgrids in an aim to impart higher degrees of sustainability and resilience to energy systems.

microgrid --- distribution network operator --- double externalities --- subsidy --- PV system --- PI controller --- fuzzy control --- MPPT --- tracking speed --- error --- Micro Grid --- VSG --- power sharing --- inertia support --- energy support --- small signal stability --- day-ahead operational scheduling --- reconfigurable microgrid --- DRNN Bi-LSTM --- aggregated load forecasting --- bulk photovoltaic power generation forecasting --- solar potential assessment --- resource mapping --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- site selection --- Iran --- earthquake --- power distribution network --- resilience improvement planning --- water distribution network --- load disaggregation --- non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) --- dimensionality reduction --- principal component analysis (PCA) --- smart home --- solar renewable --- thermal load --- stochastic operation --- energy storage --- sustainability --- desalination --- renewable energy --- water–energy-nexus --- photovoltaic grid-connected system --- power fluctuation --- DC bus voltage stabilization --- prescribed performance --- command-filtered adaptive backstepping control --- centralized control architecture --- DC microgrid --- distributed control architecture --- electricity price constraint --- hybrid control architecture --- power flow control strategy --- data pre-processing --- electricity theft --- imbalance data --- parameter tuning --- smart grid

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The Special Issue on Advances in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) explores four important topics of research in the framework of WDNs, namely simulation and optimization modelling, topology and partitioning, water quality, and service effectiveness. With regard to the first topic, the following aspects are addressed: pressure-driven formulations, algorithms for the optimal location of control valves to minimize leakage, the benefits of water discharge prediction for the remote real time control of valves, and transients generated by pumps operating as turbines. In the context of the second topic, a topological taxonomy of WDNs is presented, and partitioning methods for the creation of district metered areas are compared. In relation to the third topic, the vulnerability to trihalomethane is assessed, and a statistical optimization model to minimize heavy metal releases is presented. Finally, the fourth topic focusses on the estimation of non-revenue water, including leakage and unauthorized consumption, and on the assessment of service under intermittent supply conditions.

water distribution system --- artificial neural network --- 24 --- non-revenue water --- runaway conditions --- water quality (WQ) --- release of heavy metals (HMR) --- water service quality --- district metered areas --- modularity --- water distribution network --- optimization --- multiple source waters blending optimization (MSWBO) --- disinfection by-products --- multiple regression analysis --- snapshot simulation --- blending --- pump --- graph partitioning --- dual response surface optimization (DRSO) --- pressure-driven --- topological analysis --- pressure --- unsteady flow --- vulnerability --- water quality --- water distribution modelling --- real time control --- mathematical model --- water distribution network management --- energy recovery systems --- valve --- water hammer --- intermittent water supply --- leakage --- complex network theory