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In order to explain mainly the instantaneous and cumulative impulse responses of bank profitability on the negotiable debt securities market to innovation shocks related to profitability itself, the inflation rate and the key rate between 2008 and 2019 in the DRC, it was appropriate to apply econometric analyses via non-structural VAR modelling. Indeed, after estimating the model, the empirical results obtained confirm that inflation and key interest rates significantly cause, in the Granger sense, bank profitability for the period under study. In the same vein, the instantaneous impulse response function (IRF) analysis showed that profitability reacted first negatively and significantly and then positively to innovations in the inflation rate when the innovation shock is projected over time: the maximum negative impact being reached 2 weeks after the shock and the maximum positive impact 3 weeks after the shock before returning to balance after about 6 weeks. The (IRF) first shows a positive profitability response to the key rate before turning negative when the shock is projected over time: the maximum negative impact being reached 3 weeks after the shock and the maximum positive impact 2 weeks after the shock before returning to equilibrium after about 5 weeks. The (IRF) reveals that profitability reacts negatively to its own innovations. On the other hand, we can realize that the accumulated impulse response (AIR) shows a positive and significant profitability response to its own innovations and those of the key rate, whereas it reacted negatively to an innovation shock on the inflation rate before returning to balance.
In addition, the analysis of the decomposition of the variance of the VAR model's forecast error variance showed that the variance of the profitability forecast error was due to its own innovations averaging 80.1% and those of the key rate averaging 19.6%, as well as to innovations in the inflation rate averaging 0.32% over 10 periods, all in proportion. Finally, these analyses covered 18 banks operating in the DRC and a size of 516 observations at weekly frequency from April 2008 to September 2019.

Bank Profitability, DRC, Inflation rate, Key rate, Innovation, TCN, and VAR. --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Finance

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In conflict-prone situations, access to markets is necessary to restore economic growth and generate the preconditions for peace and reconstruction. Hence, the rehabilitation of damaged transport infrastructure has emerged as an overarching investment priority among donors and governments. This paper brings together two distinct strands of literature on the effects of conflict on welfare and on the economic impact of transport infrastructure. The theoretical model explores how transport infrastructure affects conflict incidence and welfare when selection into rebel groups is endogenous. The implications of the model are tested with data from the Democratic Republic of Congo. The analysis addresses the problems of the endogeneity of transport costs and conflict using a novel set of instrumental variables. For transport costs, a new instrument is developed, the "natural-historical path," which measures the most efficient travel route to a market, taking into account topography, land cover, and historical caravan routes. Recognizing the imprecision in measuring the geographic impacts of conflict, the analysis develops a spatial kernel density function to proxy for the incidence of conflict. To account for its endogeneity, it is instrumented with ethnic fractionalization and distance to the eastern border. A variety of indicators of well-being are used: a wealth index, a poverty index, and local gross domestic product. The results suggest that, in most situations, reducing transport costs has the expected beneficial impacts on all the measures of welfare. However, when there is intense conflict, improvements in infrastructure may not have the anticipated benefits. The results suggest the need for more nuanced strategies that take into account varying circumstances and consider actions that jointly target governance with construction activities.

Armed Conflict --- Conflict --- Conflict and Development --- Drc --- Economic Theory & Research --- Ethnic Fractionalization --- Kernel Density --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural Historical Path --- Nightlight Data --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning

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Estimating biomass and monitoring its evolution in the world’s different ecosystems is
an important challenge at the global level, particularly to guide political decisions in the
management of these environments accumulating carbon in their biomass. However, biomass
stocks in "miombo" woodlands and factors that influence them are still poorly quantified
despite the large size of this ecoregion in Africa. This master thesis focuses on the analysis of
the structure of a 10-ha permanent inventory system in a "miombo" woodland and attempts to
identify the structural, architectural, compositional and diversity factors influencing biomass.
The classification of miombo as a "savanna" or as a "forest" is also discussed throughout this
study.
Dendrometric measurements were carried out in the Mikembo sanctuary, 30 km northeast
of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo (11°28’57" - 11°29’5" S, 27°40’12" - 27°40’28"
E; 1200 m altitude).
Comparisons with other study sites, comparisons between different site plots and
comparisons between the different dominant species into the site are made by combining
inventory data, species-specific and site-specific allometries and bibliographic data.
The 10-ha inventory system has a high biomass density (154,2 tons per hectare) compared
to other estimates in "miombo" woodlands. The presence of Marquesia macroura, typical of
wet miombo and capable of reaching a large trunk diameter, is largely responsible for the
high biomass value at this site, despite the abundance of Julbernardia paniculata. The heights
and crown diameters of Mikembo trees are higher than the average for African savannas. The
hypothesis is that the site was once a "muhulu" dry forest that was degraded by fires and
charcoal harvesting and has been regenerating since its protection was enforced. Comparison
between the site plots shows excellent potential for estimating above-ground biomass by basal
area and basal area weighted architectural attributes, which are measurable by remote sensing
methods. Comparison between dominant species of the site shows a particular architecture
compared to other studies that have used a similar method in rainforest ; the crown size in
juvenile age does not seem to show any difference between canopy dominant species and
undergrowth species.
The master thesis provides a direction towards which future work could be carried out
to estimate biomass in miombo. The studied site is rather particular compared to other sites
studied in miombo, with a higher value of above-ground biomass and taller trees. Wet miombo
carbon storage capacities could be increased regionally in the event of increased fire protection.

miombo --- Lubumbashi --- Mikembo --- allométrie --- carbon --- carbone --- stock --- storage --- dry forest --- structure --- architecture --- RDC --- DRC --- Congo --- forêt --- savane --- forest --- AGB --- savanna --- woodland --- forêt claire --- surface terrière --- Marquesia --- Brachystegia --- Julbernardia --- houppier --- hauteur --- Afrique --- australe --- PCA --- ACP --- Africa --- biomasse --- zambézien --- dispositif d'inventaire permanent --- permanent inventory system --- muhulu --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie

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Congo (Democratic Republic) --- History --- Dictionaries. --- Congo (Leopoldville) --- République du Congo (Leopoldville) --- Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) --- Republic of Congo (Leopoldville) --- République démocratique du Congo --- Democratic Republic of the Congo --- Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- Kongo --- Congo (Kinshasa) --- RDC (République démocratique du Congo) --- DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo) --- DRK (Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo) --- Democratic Republic of Congo --- DR Congo --- RD Congo --- Belgian Congo --- Zaire --- Dictionaries --- Congo DR --- R.D. Congo --- Congo (Democratic Republic) - History - Dictionaries.