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Small RNA pathways or RNA silencing is a group of pathways, which utilize small RNAs as guides for sequence-specific repression. This collection of texts has an origin in a report prepared for the EFSA in 2016 and 2017. The original text was reorganized into twelve chapters, which were reformatted and revised in order to remove copyrighted material from third parties and provide a introductory parts for stand alone chapters. Nine of the chapters focus on small RNA pathways in animals and plants. The remaining three chapters include a general introduction and reviews of important phenomena – off-targeting and extracellular small RNAs.

Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning --- dsRNA --- RNAi --- Dicer --- Argonaute proteins --- miRNA --- siRNA --- dsRNA --- RNAi --- Dicer --- Argonaute proteins --- miRNA --- siRNA

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This book is a collection of eight articles, of which seven are reviews and one is a research paper, that together form a Special Issue that describes the roles that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) play in gene regulation at a post-transcriptional level.

long non-coding RNA 1 --- RNA binding protein 2 --- post-transcriptional regulation --- long non-coding RNA --- mRNA stability --- RNA binding protein --- microRNA --- gene expression --- long noncoding RNA --- target mimicry --- alternative splicing --- protein re-localization --- translation promotion --- post-translational modification --- double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) --- innate immunity --- repetitive DNA elements (RE) --- antisense transcript --- non-coding RNAs --- long non-coding RNAs --- ncRNAs --- translation --- cancer --- lncRNA --- post-transcription --- RNA-binding --- ribonucleoprotein --- RNAi --- interactome --- prediction --- database --- CLIP --- splicing factors --- miRNAs --- lncRNAs --- ceRNAs --- mTOR pathway --- n/a

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This book is a collection of eight articles, of which seven are reviews and one is a research paper, that together form a Special Issue that describes the roles that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) play in gene regulation at a post-transcriptional level.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- long non-coding RNA 1 --- RNA binding protein 2 --- post-transcriptional regulation --- long non-coding RNA --- mRNA stability --- RNA binding protein --- microRNA --- gene expression --- long noncoding RNA --- target mimicry --- alternative splicing --- protein re-localization --- translation promotion --- post-translational modification --- double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) --- innate immunity --- repetitive DNA elements (RE) --- antisense transcript --- non-coding RNAs --- long non-coding RNAs --- ncRNAs --- translation --- cancer --- lncRNA --- post-transcription --- RNA-binding --- ribonucleoprotein --- RNAi --- interactome --- prediction --- database --- CLIP --- splicing factors --- miRNAs --- lncRNAs --- ceRNAs --- mTOR pathway --- long non-coding RNA 1 --- RNA binding protein 2 --- post-transcriptional regulation --- long non-coding RNA --- mRNA stability --- RNA binding protein --- microRNA --- gene expression --- long noncoding RNA --- target mimicry --- alternative splicing --- protein re-localization --- translation promotion --- post-translational modification --- double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) --- innate immunity --- repetitive DNA elements (RE) --- antisense transcript --- non-coding RNAs --- long non-coding RNAs --- ncRNAs --- translation --- cancer --- lncRNA --- post-transcription --- RNA-binding --- ribonucleoprotein --- RNAi --- interactome --- prediction --- database --- CLIP --- splicing factors --- miRNAs --- lncRNAs --- ceRNAs --- mTOR pathway

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Plant viruses cause many of the most important diseases threatening crops worldwide. Over the last quarter of a century, an increasing number of plant viruses have emerged in various parts of the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics. As is generally observed for plant viruses, most of the emerging viruses are transmitted horizontally by biological vectors, mainly insects. Reverse genetics using infectious clones—available for many plant viruses—has been used for identification of viral determinants involved in virus–host and virus–vector interactions. Although many studies have identified a number of factors involved in disease development and transmission, the precise mechanisms are unknown for most of the virus–plant–vector combinations. In most cases, the diverse outcomes resulting from virus–virus interactions are poorly understood. Although significant advances have been made towards understand the mechanisms involved in plant resistance to viruses, we are far from being able to apply this knowledge to protect cultivated plants from the all viral threats.The aim of this Special Issue was to provide a platform for researchers interested in plant virology to share their recent results. To achieve this, we invited the plant virology community to submit research articles, short communications and reviews related to the various aspects of plant virology: ecology, virus–plant host interactions, virus–vector interactions, virus–virus interactions, and control strategies. This issue contains some of the best current research in plant virology.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- whitefly --- begomovirus --- Vta1 --- virus transmission --- coat proteins --- membrane association --- topology --- cilevirus --- movement protein --- p29 capsid protein --- barley yellow dwarf virus --- BYDV --- wheat --- barley --- yield loss --- vectors --- aphids --- persistent virus --- Amalgaviridae --- synergism --- antagonism --- vsiRNAs --- miRNAs --- mixed-infections --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- Cucumber mosaic virus --- genome-wide association studies --- plant-virus interaction --- seed transmission --- virulence --- callose --- coat protein --- plasmodesmata --- triple gene block --- viral suppressor --- virus movement --- virus replication complex --- TYLCD --- TYLCV --- tomato --- Solanum lycopersicum --- disease resistance --- plant breeding --- PAMP-triggered immunity --- effector-triggered immunity --- RNA silencing --- viral suppressors --- NIK1 --- PTI --- ETI --- geminiviruses --- host jumping --- viral evolution --- trade-off --- plant virus --- RNA virus --- potyvirus --- Plum pox virus --- VPg --- eIF4E --- high-throughput sequencing --- bioinformatics --- detection --- discovery --- MinION --- nanopore sequencing --- rolling circle amplification --- viral metagenomics --- CRESS DNA --- capulavirus --- homopolymer --- Begomovirus --- cucumber --- mechanical inoculation --- real-time PCR --- viral load --- QTLs --- resistance --- Geminiviridae --- sweepoviruses --- DNA satellites --- Deltasatellite --- helper virus range --- transreplication --- high-throughput sequencing (HTS) --- virus --- dsRNA --- total RNA --- OLV1 --- LRNV --- ToFBV --- ASGV --- host adaptation --- virus evolution --- whitefly --- begomovirus --- Vta1 --- virus transmission --- coat proteins --- membrane association --- topology --- cilevirus --- movement protein --- p29 capsid protein --- barley yellow dwarf virus --- BYDV --- wheat --- barley --- yield loss --- vectors --- aphids --- persistent virus --- Amalgaviridae --- synergism --- antagonism --- vsiRNAs --- miRNAs --- mixed-infections --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- Cucumber mosaic virus --- genome-wide association studies --- plant-virus interaction --- seed transmission --- virulence --- callose --- coat protein --- plasmodesmata --- triple gene block --- viral suppressor --- virus movement --- virus replication complex --- TYLCD --- TYLCV --- tomato --- Solanum lycopersicum --- disease resistance --- plant breeding --- PAMP-triggered immunity --- effector-triggered immunity --- RNA silencing --- viral suppressors --- NIK1 --- PTI --- ETI --- geminiviruses --- host jumping --- viral evolution --- trade-off --- plant virus --- RNA virus --- potyvirus --- Plum pox virus --- VPg --- eIF4E --- high-throughput sequencing --- bioinformatics --- detection --- discovery --- MinION --- nanopore sequencing --- rolling circle amplification --- viral metagenomics --- CRESS DNA --- capulavirus --- homopolymer --- Begomovirus --- cucumber --- mechanical inoculation --- real-time PCR --- viral load --- QTLs --- resistance --- Geminiviridae --- sweepoviruses --- DNA satellites --- Deltasatellite --- helper virus range --- transreplication --- high-throughput sequencing (HTS) --- virus --- dsRNA --- total RNA --- OLV1 --- LRNV --- ToFBV --- ASGV --- host adaptation --- virus evolution

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Mitochondria are subcellular organelles evolved by the endosymbiosis of bacteria with eukaryotic cells. They are the main source of ATP in the cell and engaged in other aspects of cell metabolism and cell function, including the regulation of ion homeostasis, cell growth, redox status, and cell signaling. Due to their central role in cell life and death, mitochondria are also involved in the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases/conditions, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and aging. However, despite the increasing number of studies, precise mechanisms whereby mitochondria are involved in the regulation of basic physiological functions, as well as their role in the cell under pathophysiological conditions, remain unknown. A lack of in-depth knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial metabolism and function, as well as interplay between the factors that transform the organelle from its role in pro-survival to pro-death, have hindered the development of new mitochondria-targeted pharmacological and conditional approaches for the treatment of human diseases. This book highlights the latest achievements in elucidating the role of mitochondria under physiological conditions, in various cell/animal models of human diseases, and in patients.

Medicine --- hypoglycemia --- sodium dichloroacetate --- pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase --- pyruvate dehydrogenase --- oxidative stress --- neuron death --- cholangiocellular carcinoma --- mitochondria --- energy metabolism --- oxidative phosphorylation --- 4-HNE --- DRP1 --- ERK1/2 --- hippocampus --- JNK --- mitochondrial dynamics --- PKA --- protein phosphatases --- TUNEL --- DDE --- high-fat diet --- mitochondrial UCP2 --- ROS --- antioxidant system --- uncoupling protein --- mitochondria: energy metabolism --- lipid handling --- fatty acid oxidation --- potassium channel --- reactive oxygen species --- antioxidants --- life span --- aging --- BKCa channels --- pravastatin --- gemfibrozil --- liver --- colon --- mitochondrial function --- cyclosporin A --- mitochondria calcium buffering --- mitochondria bioenergetics --- mitochondria permeability transition pore --- inorganic phosphate --- hepatic fibrogenesis --- HtrA2/Omi --- reactive oxygen species stress --- mitochondrial homeostasis --- complex I (CI) deficiency --- metabolome and proteome profiling --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- respirasome assembly --- electron tunneling (ET) --- perilipin 5 --- lipid droplet --- H9c2 cardiomyoblasts --- adenine nucleotide translocase --- respiratory supercomplexes --- ETC complexes --- dentate granule cell --- epilepsy --- hyperforin --- LONP1 --- neuroprotection --- pilocarpine --- seizure --- siRNA --- cardioprotection --- mitochondrial permeability transition pores --- mitochondrial connexin 43 --- cardiolipin --- iron overload --- hepcidin --- transferrin --- ferritin --- ZIP --- inflammation --- mtDNA --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- muscle aging --- physical performance --- LHON --- Siberian population --- ancient mutation --- specific genetic background --- apoptosis --- human amniotic membrane --- mitochondrial cell death --- BAX --- BCL-2 --- tensile strength --- mitochondrial gene expression --- mtDNA transcription --- mtRNA --- post-transcriptional mtRNA processing --- dsRNA --- innate immunity --- interferon response --- amino acid neurotransmitter --- cerebellar amino acid metabolism --- hypoxia --- 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase --- tricarboxylic acid cycle --- heart --- cytoskeletal proteins --- mitochondrial interactions --- plectin --- tubulin beta --- signaling --- GW9662 --- ischemia reperfusion injury --- Langendorff --- myocardial --- pioglitazone --- redox state --- rosiglitazone --- TZD --- uncoupling --- ADP/ATP carrier --- KmADP --- dextran --- morphology --- cardiomyocytes --- telomere length --- telomerase activity --- development --- regeneration --- intranuclear mitochondria --- healthy cells --- electron and confocal microscopy --- signaling pathways --- ion homeostasis --- human diseases --- hypoglycemia --- sodium dichloroacetate --- pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase --- pyruvate dehydrogenase --- oxidative stress --- neuron death --- cholangiocellular carcinoma --- mitochondria --- energy metabolism --- oxidative phosphorylation --- 4-HNE --- DRP1 --- ERK1/2 --- hippocampus --- JNK --- mitochondrial dynamics --- PKA --- protein phosphatases --- TUNEL --- DDE --- high-fat diet --- mitochondrial UCP2 --- ROS --- antioxidant system --- uncoupling protein --- mitochondria: energy metabolism --- lipid handling --- fatty acid oxidation --- potassium channel --- reactive oxygen species --- antioxidants --- life span --- aging --- BKCa channels --- pravastatin --- gemfibrozil --- liver --- colon --- mitochondrial function --- cyclosporin A --- mitochondria calcium buffering --- mitochondria bioenergetics --- mitochondria permeability transition pore --- inorganic phosphate --- hepatic fibrogenesis --- HtrA2/Omi --- reactive oxygen species stress --- mitochondrial homeostasis --- complex I (CI) deficiency --- metabolome and proteome profiling --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- respirasome assembly --- electron tunneling (ET) --- perilipin 5 --- lipid droplet --- H9c2 cardiomyoblasts --- adenine nucleotide translocase --- respiratory supercomplexes --- ETC complexes --- dentate granule cell --- epilepsy --- hyperforin --- LONP1 --- neuroprotection --- pilocarpine --- seizure --- siRNA --- cardioprotection --- mitochondrial permeability transition pores --- mitochondrial connexin 43 --- cardiolipin --- iron overload --- hepcidin --- transferrin --- ferritin --- ZIP --- inflammation --- mtDNA --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- muscle aging --- physical performance --- LHON --- Siberian population --- ancient mutation --- specific genetic background --- apoptosis --- human amniotic membrane --- mitochondrial cell death --- BAX --- BCL-2 --- tensile strength --- mitochondrial gene expression --- mtDNA transcription --- mtRNA --- post-transcriptional mtRNA processing --- dsRNA --- innate immunity --- interferon response --- amino acid neurotransmitter --- cerebellar amino acid metabolism --- hypoxia --- 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase --- tricarboxylic acid cycle --- heart --- cytoskeletal proteins --- mitochondrial interactions --- plectin --- tubulin beta --- signaling --- GW9662 --- ischemia reperfusion injury --- Langendorff --- myocardial --- pioglitazone --- redox state --- rosiglitazone --- TZD --- uncoupling --- ADP/ATP carrier --- KmADP --- dextran --- morphology --- cardiomyocytes --- telomere length --- telomerase activity --- development --- regeneration --- intranuclear mitochondria --- healthy cells --- electron and confocal microscopy --- signaling pathways --- ion homeostasis --- human diseases