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Traditional grammars have stated that clitics are subject or object pronouns whose distributional features make them different from personal pronouns. This book focuses on the acquisition of personal and demonstrative pronouns as well as clitics with respect to determinative phrases in a variety of languages of the Romance family and several indigenous languages, such as Quechua. A particularly original aspect of the present volume is that it not only addresses syntactic issues, but also semantic and pragmatic questions that have been widely neglected in the literature. It also reports on...

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Pronoun. --- Clitics. --- Clitics (Grammar) --- Pronouns --- Accents and accentuation --- Tagmemics --- Function words --- Nominals --- Reflexives --- Romance languages --- African languages --- Language acquisition. --- Pronominals. --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Early Language Acquisition. --- Indigenous Languages. --- Romance Languages.

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The body of research in this volume offers a detailed account of the success of young immersion learners of Irish in becoming competent speakers of the minority language. Taking account of in-class and out-of-class factors, it examines the variety of Irish spoken by the pupils, the extent to which the Irish spoken deviates from native-speaker norms, the degree to which pupils are aware of and attempt to acquire a native-like variety and the extent to which issues of identity and motivation are involved. The results highlight the limitations of an immersion system in generating active and accurate users of the language outside the immersion setting and will help immersion educators to gain a greater understanding of how young immersion learners learn and acquire the target language. The findings are placed in the context of other one-way immersion programmes internationally with a particular focus on minority language settings, and make an important contribution not only to our understanding of the Irish issues, but how the Irish situation can be placed in a broader scholarly and socio-political context.

Immersion method (Language teaching) --- Concentrated study. --- Irish language --- Language and education --- Language policy --- Education, Bilingual --- Study and teaching --- English speakers. --- CLIL. --- SLA. --- content-based learning. --- early language learning. --- immersion education. --- language planning. --- language revitalization . --- learners of Irish. --- minority language speakers. --- minority language. --- young immersion learners.

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This is the first collection of research studies to explore the potential for mixed methods to shed light on foreign or second language learning by young learners in instructed contexts. It brings together recent studies undertaken in Cameroon, China, Croatia, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Italy, Kenya, Mexico, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Tanzania and the UK. Themes include English as an additional language, English as a second or foreign language, French as a modern foreign language, medium of instruction controversies and content and language integrated learning (CLIL). The volume reviews the choice of research methodologies for early language learning research in schools with a particular focus on mixed methods and proposes that in the multidisciplinary context of early language learning this paradigm allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the evidence than other approaches might provide. The collection will be of interest to in-service and trainee teachers of young language learners, graduate students in the field of TESOL and early language learning, teacher educators, researchers and policymakers.

Language acquisition --- Language and languages --- CLIL. --- Early language learning. --- English as a foreign language. --- English as a second language. --- English. --- SLA. --- TESOL. --- bilingualism. --- complexity research. --- language acquisition. --- mixed methods. --- second language acquisition. --- young learners. --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Study & Teaching. --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Interpersonal communication in children --- Psycholinguistics --- Age factors --- Age factors. --- Foreign countries. --- Study and teaching (Elementary) --- Study and teaching (Primary)

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Humans possess an extraordinary capacity for culture, from the arts and language to science and technology. But how did the human mind-and the uniquely human ability to devise and transmit culture-evolve from its roots in animal behavior? Darwin's Unfinished Symphony presents a captivating new theory of human cognitive evolution. This compelling and accessible book reveals how culture is not just the magnificent end product of an evolutionary process that produced a species unlike all others-it is also the key driving force behind that process. Kevin Laland tells the story of the painstaking fieldwork, the key experiments, the false leads, and the stunning scientific breakthroughs that led to this new understanding of how culture transformed human evolution. It is the story of how Darwin's intellectual descendants picked up where he left off and took up the challenge of providing a scientific account of the evolution of the human mind.

Cognition and culture. --- Human evolution. --- Social evolution. --- Allan Wilson. --- adaptive evolution. --- agriculture. --- alleles. --- animal creativity. --- animal innovation. --- animals. --- arts. --- asocial learning. --- behavioral development. --- behavioral differences. --- behavioral diversity. --- biological evolution. --- brain evolution. --- brain size. --- capuchin monkeys. --- children. --- chimpanzees. --- coevolution. --- cognition. --- communication systems. --- cooperation. --- cooperative mechanisms. --- copying. --- cultural activities. --- cultural drive. --- cultural evolution. --- cultural lineages. --- cultural practices. --- cultural processes. --- cultural production. --- culture. --- cultures. --- cumulative culture. --- dance. --- early language. --- environmental change. --- evolution. --- evolutionary feedback. --- evolved psychology. --- experimental investigation. --- experimental research. --- fish behavior. --- flexible model system. --- gene variants. --- gene-culture coevolution. --- high-fidelity transmission. --- human achievement. --- human civilization. --- human cognitive evolution. --- human culture. --- human evolution. --- human genes. --- human innovation. --- human intellect. --- human mind. --- human society. --- hunter-gatherer society. --- imitation. --- language evolution theories. --- language evolution. --- language generality. --- language. --- large-scale cooperation. --- life history. --- mathematical modeling. --- morality. --- natural selection. --- new behavior patterns. --- novel techniques. --- ratcheting. --- scientific community. --- sexual behavior. --- social learning. --- social life. --- sticklebacks. --- teaching. --- tradition. --- transmission fidelity. --- transmitted behavior.