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For more than four and a half centuries, the Jesuits in Hungary were forced to repeatedly recommence their activities due to wars, uprisings, and political conflicts. The Society of Jesus first settled in Hungary in 1561 during the period of Ottoman conquest. Despite their difficulties in a war-torn country, a network of Jesuit colleges was established as part of the Austrian Province, and the eighteenth century was a period of cultural and scientific prosperity for the Jesuits in Hungary. The Suppression of 1773, however, abruptly suspended this tradition for eighty years. After they resettled in Hungary in 1853, the Jesuits searched for new ways of apostolic work. The independent Hungarian Jesuit Province was established in 1909. The totalitarian regimes of the twentieth century, however, posed fresh challenges. During the Communist period, the Hungarian Jesuit Province was forced to divide into two sections. The Jesuits in exile and those who remained in Hungary were reunited in 1990.

Early Modern History. --- History.

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Nach der Oktoberrevolution in Russland beschritt Georgien den Weg zur Selbstständigkeit. Das Deutsche Kaiserreich wurde im Mai 1918 zum Verbündeten des neuen Staates. In der auf den Ruinen der Oktoberrevolution entstandenen georgischen Republik galt Deutschland als Repräsentant der europäischen Zivilisation. Georgische Nationalisten hatten schon seit 1914 mit den militärischen Stellen Deutschlands zusammengearbeitet, um einen Aufstand gegen Russland im Kaukasus zu inszenieren. Nach der Machtübernahme der Bolschewiki in Russland unterstützte die politische Elite Georgiens die Abspaltung von Moskau und eine deutsche militärische Intervention in Georgien, um die Jungtürken ebenso wie die Bolschewiki zurückzuhalten. Für Berlin stellte die Annäherung an Tiflis eine Voraussetzung für seine orientalischen Bestrebungen dar. Giorgi Astamadze analysiert erstmals vertieft die Verhältnisse im Südkaukasus während dieser Zeit.

History, Modern --- History, Modern --- Early Modern History

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Der Band untersucht in vergleichender Perspektive, mit welchen Anstrengungen und Schwierigkeiten in der Frühen Neuzeit in Europa genealogisches Wissen gesammelt wurde. Während Genealogie bisher vor allem in ihrer sozialen Bedeutung erforscht wurde, geht es hier um die Frage ihrer Herstellung. Dabei wird deutlich, dass in der aktuellen Historiographie zu Wissen, Forschung und Gelehrten Praktiken der Genealogie eine wichtige Rolle zukommt. This book examines how genealogical knowledge was produced in Early Modern Europe. It studies the procedures and difficulties of genealogical research and highlights the many challenges that had to be overcome in the process of establishing family histories. Archives had to be visited, stone inscriptions had to be deciphered, and countless individuals had to be identified. The papers demonstrate that none of these tasks were simple and that the results of the research efforts often remained ambivalent. How early modern genealogists went about studying these questions is investigated here in a comparative perspective that includes cases from Germany, Italy, France, Wales, and beyond.

Early Modern History. --- Knowledge. --- Europe, Eastern --- History. --- Early Modern History. --- Knowledge.

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A large number of enciphered documents survived from early modern Hungary. This area was a particularly fertile territory where cryptographic methods proliferated, because a large portion of the population was living in the frontier zone, and participated (or was forced to participate) in the network of the information flow. A quantitative analysis of sixteenth-century to seventeenth-century Hungarian ciphers (300 cipher keys and 1,600 partly or entirely enciphered letters) reveals that besides the dominance of diplomatic use of cryptography, there were many examples of private applications too. This book reconstructs the main reasons and goals why historical actors chose to use ciphers in a diplomatic letter, a military order, a diary or a private letter, what they decided to encrypt, and how they perceived the dangers threatening their messages.

Cryptography --- History. --- Early modern history --- History of science --- Social history

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Deutschland. --- Early Modern History. --- History. --- Germany --- Germany --- History --- History