Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The Millennium Development Goals call for reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water. This goal was adopted in large part because clean water was seen as critical to fighting diarrheal disease, which kills 2 million children annually. There is compelling evidence that provision of piped water and sanitation can substantially reduce child mortality. However, in dispersed rural settlements, providing complete piped water and sanitation infrastructure to households is expensive. Many poor countries have therefore focused instead on providing community-level water infrastructure, such as wells. Various traditional child health interventions have been shown to be effective in fighting diarrhea. Among environmental interventions, handwashing and point-of-use water treatment both reduce diarrhea, although more needs to be learned about ways to encourage households to take up these behavior changes. In contrast, there is little evidence that providing community-level rural water infrastructure substantially reduces diarrheal disease or that this infrastructure can be effectively maintained. Investments in communal water infrastructure short of piped water may serve other needs and may reduce diarrhea in particular circumstances, but the case for prioritizing communal infrastructure provision needs to be made rather than assumed.

Project Analysis --- Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects --- Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Reducing transport sector emissions is an important pillar of the green transition. However, the transition to electric vehicles (EV) portends major changes in vehicle manufacturing activity, on which many livelihoods in Europe depend. Using the heterogeneity across European countries in the speed of transition to EV production and variation in sectoral and regional exposure to the automotive sector, this paper offers early evidence of the labor market implications of the EV transition. Our results suggest that the transformation of the auto sector is already having an adverse impact on employment in the affected sectors and regions, which can be expected to grow at least in the near term. Many of the affected workers will be able to retire and our analysis suggests that those who will have to transition to new “greener” jobs have a fair chance to do so when compared to other workers in the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, we find evidence that active labor market policies, specifically training, can help to reduce the adjustment costs for the affected workers.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Exports and Imports --- Industries: Automobile --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects --- Trade: General --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- International economics --- Transport industries --- Climate change --- Exports --- International trade --- Employment rate --- Labor markets --- Automobile industry --- Economic sectors --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Economic theory --- Labor market --- Automobile industry and trade --- Climatic changes

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Labor Market Implications for Green Investments and Carbon Pricing in Spain green policies; input-output matrix; employment; occupations; skills ABSTRACT: We provide a tractable framework for assessing the labor market impact of policies that support the green transition of the Spanish economy, taking into account input-output linkages. We present illustrative examples that quantify changes in sectoral employment, occupations and skills stemming from two different green policies: (i) the announced green investments in the recovery plan; and (ii) an increase in carbon pricing and an expansion of the EU Emission Trading System (ETS). Our analysis shows that the labor market impact of these two policies is net positive, although the results depend on the design of the green policies, particularly on the use of the proceeds from the increase in carbon pricing. Strengthening active labor market policies, with a focus on training, and complementing them with education policies such as the expansion of vocational training, would facilitate the transition of workers from shrinking to expanding sectors.

Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Environmental Economics --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Environmental Policy --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects --- Environmental Economics: General --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Environment and Growth --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Green finance / sustainable finance --- Environmental economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic growth --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Climate finance --- Environment --- Sustainable growth --- Climate policy --- International agencies --- Climatic changes --- Emissions trading --- Economic development --- Economic theory --- Environmental policy --- Spain

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Belgium’s current policies fall short of achieving its climate targets and promoting emissions reductions at limited economic costs. We recommend that domestic carbon pricing form the centerpiece of an emissions reduction package, as pricing promotes mitigation at the lowest economic cost, can be phased in as international energy prices fall, and generates revenue to compensate vulnerable households and reduce taxes on productive activities. Sectoral policies, such as subsidy-tax schemes to promote low emissions vehicles, should reinforce carbon pricing and regional efforts, while the social protection system can be made more efficient and environmentally friendly by switching from energy subsidies to income-based support. Belgium should also promote dialogue at the EU-level to harmonize ETS prices and include all sectors under a single trading scheme.

Belgium --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Taxation --- Investments: Energy --- Industries: Energy --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: General --- Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Electric Utilities --- Hydrocarbon Resources --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Environmental economics --- Climate change --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Environment --- Carbon tax --- Taxes --- Electricity --- Commodities --- Natural gas sector --- Economic sectors --- International agencies --- Emissions trading --- Greenhouse gases --- Environmental impact charges --- Electric utilities --- Gas industry