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Hydrological extremes have become a major concern because of their devastating consequences and their increased risk as a result of climate change and the growing concentration of people and infrastructure in high-risk zones. The analysis of hydrological extremes is challenging due to their rarity and small sample size, and the interconnections between different types of extremes and becomes further complicated by the untrustworthy representation of meso-scale processes involved in extreme events by coarse spatial and temporal scale models as well as biased or missing observations due to technical difficulties during extreme conditions. The complexity of analyzing hydrological extremes calls for robust statistical methods for the treatment of such events. This Special Issue is motivated by the need to apply and develop innovative stochastic and statistical approaches to analyze hydrological extremes under current and future climate conditions. The papers of this Special Issue focus on six topics associated with hydrological extremes: Historical changes in hydrological extremes; Projected changes in hydrological extremes; Downscaling of hydrological extremes; Early warning and forecasting systems for drought and flood; Interconnections of hydrological extremes; Applicability of satellite data for hydrological studies.
artificial neural network --- downscaling --- innovative methods --- reservoir inflow forecasting --- simulation --- extreme events --- climate variability --- sparse monitoring network --- weighted mean analogue --- sampling errors --- precipitation --- drought indices --- discrete wavelet --- SWSI --- hyetograph --- trends --- climate change --- SIAP --- Kabul river basin --- Hurst exponent --- extreme rainfall --- evolutionary strategy --- the Cauca River --- hydrological drought --- global warming --- least square support vector regression --- polynomial normal transform --- TRMM --- satellite data --- Fiji --- heavy storm --- flood regime --- compound events --- random forest --- uncertainty --- seasonal climate forecast --- INDC pledge --- Pakistan --- wavelet artificial neural network --- HBV model --- temperature --- APCC Multi-Model Ensemble --- meteorological drought --- flow regime --- high resolution --- rainfall --- clausius-clapeyron scaling --- statistical downscaling --- ENSO --- forecasting --- variation analogue --- machine learning --- extreme rainfall analysis --- hydrological extremes --- multivariate modeling --- monsoon --- non-stationary --- support vector machine --- ANN model --- stretched Gaussian distribution --- drought prediction --- non-normality --- statistical analysis --- extreme precipitation exposure --- drought analysis --- extreme value theory --- streamflow --- flood management
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- Water resources management should be assessed under climate change conditions, as historic data cannot replicate future climatic conditions. - Climate change impacts on water resources are bound to affect all water uses, i.e., irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and environmental flow (of streams and rivers) and water level (of lakes). - Bottom-up approaches, i.e., the forcing of hydrologic simulation models with climate change models’ outputs, are the most common engineering practices and considered as climate-resilient water management approaches. - Hydrologic simulations forced by climate change scenarios derived from regional climate models (RCMs) can provide accurate assessments of the future water regime at basin scales. - Irrigated agriculture requires special attention as it is the principal water consumer and alterations of both precipitation and temperature patterns will directly affect agriculture yields and incomes. - Integrated water resources management (IWRM) requires multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, with climate change to be an emerging cornerstone in the IWRM concept.
Precipitation --- Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) --- Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) --- Upper Indus Basin (UIB) --- Himalaya --- streamflow --- extreme rainfall --- watershed --- dynamics of saline lakes --- extremely changing points --- extreme weather --- temporal trend --- climate change --- salinization --- water resources management --- drinking water --- debris --- water balance --- climatic change --- dam capacity --- simulation of sediment transport --- Athabasca River --- climate projection --- hydrologic modelling --- peak-flow --- return period --- stationary analysis --- non-stationary analysis --- global --- temperature --- precipitation --- Net Irrigation Water Requirement --- maize --- hydrologic modeling --- reanalysis gridded datasets --- ERA-Interim --- Balkan Peninsula
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Hydroclimatic extremes, such as floods and droughts, affect aspects of our lives and the environment including energy, hydropower, agriculture, transportation, urban life, and human health and safety. Climate studies indicate that the risk of increased flooding and/or more severe droughts will be higher in the future than today, causing increased fatalities, environmental degradation, and economic losses. Using a suite of innovative approaches this book quantifies the changes in projected hydroclimatic extremes and illustrates their impacts in several locations in North America, Asia, and Europe.
downscaling --- floods --- flood risk --- Boise River Watershed --- flooding frequency --- CMIP5 --- flood frequency analysis --- streamflow regulation rules --- droughts --- downscaled projections --- flood inundation maps --- RCM uncertainty --- climate change and variability --- RCP4.5 --- climate change --- RCP8.5 --- frequency estimates --- water resource systems --- climate change impacts --- extreme rainfall --- catchment based macroscale floodplain model --- consecutive dry days --- Canada --- water quality --- Copula function --- return period --- drought-flood abrupt alternation --- ensembles --- continuous simulations --- extreme hydrologic events --- hydrological risk assessment --- uncertainty --- climate projections --- Southeast U.S. --- extreme precipitation --- EURO-CORDEX projections --- temporal and spatial evolution --- HSPF --- changing of exceedance --- Northeastern US --- climate --- flash flood --- spatial analog --- future projections --- flood hazard --- future precipitation at urban scale
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- Water resources management should be assessed under climate change conditions, as historic data cannot replicate future climatic conditions. - Climate change impacts on water resources are bound to affect all water uses, i.e., irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and environmental flow (of streams and rivers) and water level (of lakes). - Bottom-up approaches, i.e., the forcing of hydrologic simulation models with climate change models’ outputs, are the most common engineering practices and considered as climate-resilient water management approaches. - Hydrologic simulations forced by climate change scenarios derived from regional climate models (RCMs) can provide accurate assessments of the future water regime at basin scales. - Irrigated agriculture requires special attention as it is the principal water consumer and alterations of both precipitation and temperature patterns will directly affect agriculture yields and incomes. - Integrated water resources management (IWRM) requires multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, with climate change to be an emerging cornerstone in the IWRM concept.
Research & information: general --- Precipitation --- Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) --- Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) --- Upper Indus Basin (UIB) --- Himalaya --- streamflow --- extreme rainfall --- watershed --- dynamics of saline lakes --- extremely changing points --- extreme weather --- temporal trend --- climate change --- salinization --- water resources management --- drinking water --- debris --- water balance --- climatic change --- dam capacity --- simulation of sediment transport --- Athabasca River --- climate projection --- hydrologic modelling --- peak-flow --- return period --- stationary analysis --- non-stationary analysis --- global --- temperature --- precipitation --- Net Irrigation Water Requirement --- maize --- hydrologic modeling --- reanalysis gridded datasets --- ERA-Interim --- Balkan Peninsula
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- Water resources management should be assessed under climate change conditions, as historic data cannot replicate future climatic conditions. - Climate change impacts on water resources are bound to affect all water uses, i.e., irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and environmental flow (of streams and rivers) and water level (of lakes). - Bottom-up approaches, i.e., the forcing of hydrologic simulation models with climate change models’ outputs, are the most common engineering practices and considered as climate-resilient water management approaches. - Hydrologic simulations forced by climate change scenarios derived from regional climate models (RCMs) can provide accurate assessments of the future water regime at basin scales. - Irrigated agriculture requires special attention as it is the principal water consumer and alterations of both precipitation and temperature patterns will directly affect agriculture yields and incomes. - Integrated water resources management (IWRM) requires multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, with climate change to be an emerging cornerstone in the IWRM concept.
Research & information: general --- Precipitation --- Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) --- Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) --- Upper Indus Basin (UIB) --- Himalaya --- streamflow --- extreme rainfall --- watershed --- dynamics of saline lakes --- extremely changing points --- extreme weather --- temporal trend --- climate change --- salinization --- water resources management --- drinking water --- debris --- water balance --- climatic change --- dam capacity --- simulation of sediment transport --- Athabasca River --- climate projection --- hydrologic modelling --- peak-flow --- return period --- stationary analysis --- non-stationary analysis --- global --- temperature --- precipitation --- Net Irrigation Water Requirement --- maize --- hydrologic modeling --- reanalysis gridded datasets --- ERA-Interim --- Balkan Peninsula
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The predicted climate change is likely to cause extreme storm events and, subsequently, catastrophic disasters, including soil erosion, debris and landslide formation, loss of life, etc. In the decade from 1976, natural disasters affected less than a billion lives. These numbers have surged in the last decade alone. It is said that natural disasters have affected over 3 billion lives, killed on average 750,000 people, and cost more than 600 billion US dollars. Of these numbers, a greater proportion are due to sediment-related disasters, and these numbers are an indication of the amount of work still to be done in the field of soil erosion, conservation, and landslides. Scientists, engineers, and planners are all under immense pressure to develop and improve existing scientific tools to model erosion and landslides and, in the process, better conserve the soil. Therefore, the purpose of this Special Issue is to improve our knowledge on the processes and mechanics of soil erosion and landslides. In turn, these will be crucial in developing the right tools and models for soil and water conservation, disaster mitigation, and early warning systems.
Technology: general issues --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- landslide --- image classification --- spectrum similarity analysis --- extreme rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility model --- landslide ratio-based logistic regression --- landslide evolution --- Typhoon Morakot --- Taiwan --- vegetation community --- vegetation importance value --- root system --- soil erosion --- grey correlation analysis --- sediment yield --- RUSLE --- Lancang–Mekong River basin --- rainfall threshold --- landslide probability model --- debris flow --- Zechawa Gully --- mitigation countermeasures --- Jiuzhaigou Valley --- water erosion --- susceptibility --- Gaussian process --- climate change --- radial basis function kernel --- weighted subspace random forest --- extreme events --- extreme weather --- naive Bayes --- feature selection --- machine learning --- hydrologic model --- simulated annealing --- earth system science --- PSED Model --- loess --- ICU --- static liquefaction --- mechanical behavior --- pore structure --- alpine swamp meadow --- alpine meadow --- degradation of riparian vegetation --- root distribution --- tensile strength --- tensile crack --- soil management --- land cover changes --- Syria --- hillslopes --- gully erosion --- vegetation restoration --- soil erodibility --- land use --- bridge pier --- overfall --- scour --- landform change impact on pier --- shallow water equations --- wet-dry front --- outburst flood --- TVD-scheme --- MUSCL-Hancock method --- laboratory model test --- extreme rainfall --- rill erosion --- shallow landslides --- deep lip surface --- safety factor --- rainfall erosivity factor --- USLE R --- Deep Neural Network --- tree ring --- dendrogeomorphology --- landslide activity --- deciduous broadleaved tree --- Shirakami Mountains --- spatiotemporal cluster analysis --- landslide hotspots --- dam breach --- seepage --- overtopping --- seismic signal --- flume test --- breach model --- n/a --- Lancang-Mekong River basin
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The predicted climate change is likely to cause extreme storm events and, subsequently, catastrophic disasters, including soil erosion, debris and landslide formation, loss of life, etc. In the decade from 1976, natural disasters affected less than a billion lives. These numbers have surged in the last decade alone. It is said that natural disasters have affected over 3 billion lives, killed on average 750,000 people, and cost more than 600 billion US dollars. Of these numbers, a greater proportion are due to sediment-related disasters, and these numbers are an indication of the amount of work still to be done in the field of soil erosion, conservation, and landslides. Scientists, engineers, and planners are all under immense pressure to develop and improve existing scientific tools to model erosion and landslides and, in the process, better conserve the soil. Therefore, the purpose of this Special Issue is to improve our knowledge on the processes and mechanics of soil erosion and landslides. In turn, these will be crucial in developing the right tools and models for soil and water conservation, disaster mitigation, and early warning systems.
Technology: general issues --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- landslide --- image classification --- spectrum similarity analysis --- extreme rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility model --- landslide ratio-based logistic regression --- landslide evolution --- Typhoon Morakot --- Taiwan --- vegetation community --- vegetation importance value --- root system --- soil erosion --- grey correlation analysis --- sediment yield --- RUSLE --- Lancang–Mekong River basin --- rainfall threshold --- landslide probability model --- debris flow --- Zechawa Gully --- mitigation countermeasures --- Jiuzhaigou Valley --- water erosion --- susceptibility --- Gaussian process --- climate change --- radial basis function kernel --- weighted subspace random forest --- extreme events --- extreme weather --- naive Bayes --- feature selection --- machine learning --- hydrologic model --- simulated annealing --- earth system science --- PSED Model --- loess --- ICU --- static liquefaction --- mechanical behavior --- pore structure --- alpine swamp meadow --- alpine meadow --- degradation of riparian vegetation --- root distribution --- tensile strength --- tensile crack --- soil management --- land cover changes --- Syria --- hillslopes --- gully erosion --- vegetation restoration --- soil erodibility --- land use --- bridge pier --- overfall --- scour --- landform change impact on pier --- shallow water equations --- wet-dry front --- outburst flood --- TVD-scheme --- MUSCL-Hancock method --- laboratory model test --- extreme rainfall --- rill erosion --- shallow landslides --- deep lip surface --- safety factor --- rainfall erosivity factor --- USLE R --- Deep Neural Network --- tree ring --- dendrogeomorphology --- landslide activity --- deciduous broadleaved tree --- Shirakami Mountains --- spatiotemporal cluster analysis --- landslide hotspots --- dam breach --- seepage --- overtopping --- seismic signal --- flume test --- breach model --- n/a --- Lancang-Mekong River basin
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The predicted climate change is likely to cause extreme storm events and, subsequently, catastrophic disasters, including soil erosion, debris and landslide formation, loss of life, etc. In the decade from 1976, natural disasters affected less than a billion lives. These numbers have surged in the last decade alone. It is said that natural disasters have affected over 3 billion lives, killed on average 750,000 people, and cost more than 600 billion US dollars. Of these numbers, a greater proportion are due to sediment-related disasters, and these numbers are an indication of the amount of work still to be done in the field of soil erosion, conservation, and landslides. Scientists, engineers, and planners are all under immense pressure to develop and improve existing scientific tools to model erosion and landslides and, in the process, better conserve the soil. Therefore, the purpose of this Special Issue is to improve our knowledge on the processes and mechanics of soil erosion and landslides. In turn, these will be crucial in developing the right tools and models for soil and water conservation, disaster mitigation, and early warning systems.
landslide --- image classification --- spectrum similarity analysis --- extreme rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility model --- landslide ratio-based logistic regression --- landslide evolution --- Typhoon Morakot --- Taiwan --- vegetation community --- vegetation importance value --- root system --- soil erosion --- grey correlation analysis --- sediment yield --- RUSLE --- Lancang–Mekong River basin --- rainfall threshold --- landslide probability model --- debris flow --- Zechawa Gully --- mitigation countermeasures --- Jiuzhaigou Valley --- water erosion --- susceptibility --- Gaussian process --- climate change --- radial basis function kernel --- weighted subspace random forest --- extreme events --- extreme weather --- naive Bayes --- feature selection --- machine learning --- hydrologic model --- simulated annealing --- earth system science --- PSED Model --- loess --- ICU --- static liquefaction --- mechanical behavior --- pore structure --- alpine swamp meadow --- alpine meadow --- degradation of riparian vegetation --- root distribution --- tensile strength --- tensile crack --- soil management --- land cover changes --- Syria --- hillslopes --- gully erosion --- vegetation restoration --- soil erodibility --- land use --- bridge pier --- overfall --- scour --- landform change impact on pier --- shallow water equations --- wet-dry front --- outburst flood --- TVD-scheme --- MUSCL-Hancock method --- laboratory model test --- extreme rainfall --- rill erosion --- shallow landslides --- deep lip surface --- safety factor --- rainfall erosivity factor --- USLE R --- Deep Neural Network --- tree ring --- dendrogeomorphology --- landslide activity --- deciduous broadleaved tree --- Shirakami Mountains --- spatiotemporal cluster analysis --- landslide hotspots --- dam breach --- seepage --- overtopping --- seismic signal --- flume test --- breach model --- n/a --- Lancang-Mekong River basin
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Climate change and land use transformations have induced an increased flood risk worldwide. These phenomena are dramatically impacting ordinary life and the economy. Research and technology offer a new strategy to quantify and predict such phenomena and also mitigate the impact of flooding. In particular, the growing computational power is offering new strategies for a more detailed description of the flooding over large scales. This book offers an overview of the most recent outcomes of the research on this argument.
History of engineering & technology --- climate change --- flood hazards --- high-resolution AGCM --- inundation analysis --- Lower Mekong river basin --- data assimilation --- ensemble Kalman filter --- flood inundation maps --- National Water Model (NWM) --- countermeasures --- flood impacts --- Metro Colombo canal system --- Colombo city, Sri Lanka --- urban floods --- near real-time --- Mekong Basin --- hydro-economic --- socioeconomic --- damage assessment --- hydroinformatics --- EU Floods Directive --- flood risk management --- extreme rainfall --- SCS-CN --- 2D hydraulic modelling --- HEC-RAS --- building representation --- ungauged streams --- uncertainty --- IDF curves --- Bayesian analysis --- Non-Stationary process --- open-access remotely sensed data --- flood mapping and modelling --- altimetry --- synthetic aperture radar --- optical satellite --- Digital Elevation Model (DEM) --- and transboundary floods --- flood --- remote sensing --- data integration --- RST-FLOOD --- MODIS --- VIIRS --- optical data --- flood mapping --- flood monitoring --- floodplains --- rivers dynamics --- DEM-based methods --- geomorphology --- data scarce environments --- DTM --- terrain analysis --- hydraulic geometry --- large scale --- 2D hydraulic modeling --- scaling in hydrology
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The rapid urbanization, sometimes lacking adequate planning and design, has led to worsening city syndrome situations, such as urban flooding, water pollution, heat island effects, and ecologic deterioration. Sponge city construction have become the new paradigm for a sustainable urban stormwater management strategy. Deviating from the traditional rapid draining approach, the new paradigm calls for the use of natural systems, such as soil and vegetation, as part of the urban runoff control strategy. It has become a widespread focus in urban water management research and practices globally. In this Special Issue reprint, there are 13 original scientific articles that address the different related urban runoff control issues. We are happy to see that all papers presented findings characterized as innovative and methodologically new. We hope that the readers can enjoy and learn deeply about urban runoff control and sponge city construction using the published material, and we hope that sharing of the researches results with the scientific community, policymakers and stakeholders can prompt the urban runoff control and sponge city construction globally.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- urban runoff remediation --- Talipariti tiliaceum --- modular bioretention tree --- field study --- tree-pit --- Green-Ampt method --- infiltration --- overland flow --- urban flood modelling --- 1D/2D coupled modelling --- dual drainage modelling --- extreme rainfall --- flooding --- safety criteria --- urban drainage --- uncertainty --- combined sewer overflows --- optimization --- SWMM --- NSGA-III --- sponge city --- bioretention facility --- rain infiltration --- slope stability --- urban water management --- drainage function --- permeable pavement --- biological retention --- control-oriented model --- urban drainage system --- real-time optimization --- Simuwater --- Sponge City --- aquifer recharge --- urban stormwater --- green infrastructure --- low impact development --- Sustainable Development Goals --- non-point source pollution --- enhanced dephosphorization bioretention --- modified bioretention facility --- road stormwater runoff --- combined soil filter media --- soil moisture conservation rope --- microbial diversity --- urban stormwater runoff management --- field monitoring --- ABC Waters design features --- water quality --- bioretention --- swales --- low-impact development --- pilot exploration --- systematic demonstration --- construction scale --- stakeholders --- multifunctional decision-making framework --- cost-effectiveness --- site suitability --- stakeholders’ preference --- n/a --- stakeholders' preference
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