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Animal breeding --- Parturition --- Genetic correlation --- animal genetics --- evaluation. --- evaluation --- Breeds (animals) --- Livestock --- Pure breeding --- Multipurpose breeds --- Dystocia --- Belgium

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Wood surface attributes can be established by examining its several different physical or chemical properties. Differences in the wood surfaces occur between the manufacturing and post-treatment processes as well. Understanding how their unique anisotropic molecular organization, chemical linkages, branching, and other molecular features govern micro- and macroscale accessibility is essential for coating and complex modification processes. It is therefore important for scientific as well as practical reasons to qualify and quantify the effects of wood surface treatments and modifications. Challenges still exist to fully understanding the effect of the numerous applied chemicals and the wide range of treatment processes on wood surfaces.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- broiler --- thermal manipulation --- antioxidant --- heat stress --- cold stress --- Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus --- RNA-Seq --- Transcriptome analysis --- Holstein cattle --- sheep --- intersex --- whole-genome resequencing --- copy number variation --- forming mechanism --- dairy cattle diseases --- innate immune system --- metabolic stress --- microbiome --- mastitis --- bovine mammary epithelial cells --- inflammatory cytokines --- NF-κB signaling --- PRRs --- TLRs --- Piemontese breed --- arthrogryposis --- macroglossia --- genetic model --- TLR3 --- TLR4 --- TLR7 --- foals --- immunostimulation --- gene expression --- bovine mastitis --- JAK-STAT pathway --- JAK2 --- STATs --- SOCS3 --- immunity --- milk production --- DNA methylation --- high-fat diet --- rabbits --- next generation sequencing --- transcriptomics --- bioinformatics --- genome editing --- disease resistance --- livestock --- dairy cattle --- teat-end hyperkeratosis --- udder health --- somatic cell --- genetic correlation --- selection response --- Holstein Friesian cattle --- mastitis resistance --- candidate genes --- SNP selection --- next-generation sequencing

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Wood surface attributes can be established by examining its several different physical or chemical properties. Differences in the wood surfaces occur between the manufacturing and post-treatment processes as well. Understanding how their unique anisotropic molecular organization, chemical linkages, branching, and other molecular features govern micro- and macroscale accessibility is essential for coating and complex modification processes. It is therefore important for scientific as well as practical reasons to qualify and quantify the effects of wood surface treatments and modifications. Challenges still exist to fully understanding the effect of the numerous applied chemicals and the wide range of treatment processes on wood surfaces.

broiler --- thermal manipulation --- antioxidant --- heat stress --- cold stress --- Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus --- RNA-Seq --- Transcriptome analysis --- Holstein cattle --- sheep --- intersex --- whole-genome resequencing --- copy number variation --- forming mechanism --- dairy cattle diseases --- innate immune system --- metabolic stress --- microbiome --- mastitis --- bovine mammary epithelial cells --- inflammatory cytokines --- NF-κB signaling --- PRRs --- TLRs --- Piemontese breed --- arthrogryposis --- macroglossia --- genetic model --- TLR3 --- TLR4 --- TLR7 --- foals --- immunostimulation --- gene expression --- bovine mastitis --- JAK-STAT pathway --- JAK2 --- STATs --- SOCS3 --- immunity --- milk production --- DNA methylation --- high-fat diet --- rabbits --- next generation sequencing --- transcriptomics --- bioinformatics --- genome editing --- disease resistance --- livestock --- dairy cattle --- teat-end hyperkeratosis --- udder health --- somatic cell --- genetic correlation --- selection response --- Holstein Friesian cattle --- mastitis resistance --- candidate genes --- SNP selection --- next-generation sequencing

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The book highlights important aspects of Molecular Psychiatry, including molecular mechanisms, animal models, biomarkers, advanced methods, drugs and antidepressant response, as well as genetics and epigenetics. Molecular mechanisms are a vital part of the search for the biological basis of psychiatric disorders, providing molecular hints that can later be tested as biomarkers or targets for drug development. Animal models represent a commonly used approach to aid in this bench-to-bed translation; the examples here are social defeat stress and the Roman High-Avoidance (RHA) and the Roman Low-Avoidance (RLA) rats. For biomarkers, psychiatric disorders pose a particular challenge due to the tissue specificity of many currently investigated biomarkers; i.e., not all blood-based measures directly represent changes in the brain. The Ebook includes five articles focused on the challenges of identifying clinically and biologically relevant biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Scientific progress typically is fostered by the development of new methods. The application of machine learning methods for the proper analysis of Big Data and induced pluripotent stem cells are examples outlined in this Ebook. Furthermore, three articles are devoted to the understanding of the mechanisms of actions of existing drugs with the ultimate goal of identifying ways to predict treatment response in patients. Finally, three articles deepen the insight into the genetics and epigenetics of psychiatric disorders.

Medicine --- Mental health services --- cardiovascular disease --- cell adhesion molecules --- immunology --- inflammation --- nervous system --- schizophrenia --- bipolar disorder --- major depressive disorder --- DNA methylation --- response variability --- antipsychotics --- drug design --- multi-target drugs --- polypharmacology --- multi-task learning --- machine learning --- biomarker discovery --- psychiatry --- serotonin --- 5-HT 4 receptor --- 5-HT4R --- depression --- mood disorder --- expression --- Alzheimer’s disease --- cognition --- Parkinson’s disease --- forced swimming --- Roman rat lines --- stress --- hippocampus --- BDNF --- trkB --- PSA-NCAM --- western blot --- immunohistochemistry --- general cognitive function --- intelligence --- GWAS --- genetic correlation --- childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) --- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) --- copy number variation (CNV) --- early neurodevelopment --- neuronal differentiation --- synapse --- dendritic arborization --- miRNAs --- stress physiology --- cytoskeleton --- actin dynamics --- DRR1 --- TU3A --- FAM107A --- acid sphingomyelinase --- alcohol dependence --- liver enzymes --- sphingolipid metabolism --- withdrawal --- Hsp90 --- GR --- stress response --- steroid hormones --- molecular chaperones --- psychiatric disease --- circadian rhythms --- FKBP51 --- FKBP52 --- CyP40 --- PP5 --- DISC1 --- neurodevelopment --- CRMP-2 --- proteomics --- antidepressant treatment --- HPA axis --- gene expression --- FKBP5 --- sleep --- sleep EEG --- biomarkers --- antidepressants --- cordance --- gender --- sex difference --- antidepressant --- rapid-acting --- Ketamine --- endocrinology --- (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine --- electroconvulsive therapy --- basic-helix-loop-helix --- brain --- coactivator --- glucocorticoids --- mineralocorticoid receptor knockout --- transcription biology --- dopaminergic gene polymorphisms --- affective temperament --- obesity --- alpha-synuclein --- SNCA --- major depression --- Hamilton Scale of Depression --- chemokines --- neuroinflammation --- social defeat --- Immune response --- T cells --- susceptibility --- resilience --- Treg cells --- Th17 cells --- behavior --- PPARγ --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease

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The origin of species has fascinated both biologists and the general public since the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. Significant progress in understanding the process was achieved in the "modern synthesis," when Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, and others reconciled Mendelian genetics with Darwin's natural selection. Although evolutionary biologists have developed significant new theory and data about speciation in the years since the modern synthesis, this book represents the first systematic attempt to summarize and generalize what mathematical models tell us about the dynamics of speciation. Fitness Landscapes and the Origin of Species presents both an overview of the forty years of previous theoretical research and the author's new results. Sergey Gavrilets uses a unified framework based on the notion of fitness landscapes introduced by Sewall Wright in 1932, generalizing this notion to explore the consequences of the huge dimensionality of fitness landscapes that correspond to biological systems. In contrast to previous theoretical work, which was based largely on numerical simulations, Gavrilets develops simple mathematical models that allow for analytical investigation and clear interpretation in biological terms. Covering controversial topics, including sympatric speciation and the effects of sexual conflict on speciation, this book builds for the first time a general, quantitative theory for the origin of species.

Models, Genetic. --- Population Genetics. --- Evolution. --- Population biology. --- Species diversity. --- Population genetics --- Evolution (Biology) --- Species --- Mathematical models. --- Adaptive radiation. --- Allele frequency. --- Allele. --- Allopatric speciation. --- Assortative mating. --- Biodiversity. --- Character displacement. --- Charles Darwin. --- Digamma function. --- Directional selection. --- Disruptive selection. --- Ecological niche. --- Ecological selection. --- Ecology. --- Ecotype. --- Error threshold (evolution). --- Evolution of dominance. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Evolutionary dynamics. --- Evolutionary ecology. --- Evolutionary radiation. --- Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. --- Fisherian runaway. --- Fitness (biology). --- Fitness function. --- Fitness landscape. --- Fitness model (network theory). --- Founder effect. --- Frequency-dependent selection. --- G-test. --- Gene flow. --- Gene. --- Genetic architecture. --- Genetic association. --- Genetic correlation. --- Genetic distance. --- Genetic divergence. --- Genetic drift. --- Genetic heterogeneity. --- Genetic structure. --- Genetic variability. --- Genetic variance. --- Genetic variation. --- Genetics and the Origin of Species. --- Genotype frequency. --- Genotype-phenotype distinction. --- Genotype. --- Group selection. --- Haldane's rule. --- Haplotype. --- Hardy–Weinberg principle. --- Hybrid (biology). --- Hybrid speciation. --- Hybrid zone. --- Inbreeding. --- Linkage disequilibrium. --- Local adaptation. --- Logarithm. --- Macroevolution. --- Mate choice. --- Mating preferences. --- Mating. --- Model organism. --- Modern evolutionary synthesis. --- Mutation rate. --- Mutation–selection balance. --- Natural selection. --- Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution. --- Neutral network (evolution). --- On the Origin of Species. --- Order statistic. --- Parapatric speciation. --- Peripatric speciation. --- Phenotype. --- Phenotypic trait. --- Polymorphism (biology). --- Population ecology. --- Population genetics. --- Population size. --- Probability. --- Quantitative genetics. --- Quantitative trait locus. --- Rate of evolution. --- Reproductive isolation. --- Reproductive success. --- Ring species. --- Segregate (taxonomy). --- Selection coefficient. --- Sexual selection. --- Spatial ecology. --- Speciation (genetic algorithm). --- Speciation. --- Species complex. --- Species–area curve. --- Stepwise mutation model. --- Sympatric speciation. --- Taxonomy (biology). --- Trait theory.