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The materials published in the Special Issue reflect the real diversity of echinoderm metabolites and cover most of their specific classes and biomedical potential as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and even anticoagulant preparations. The metabolites include sea urchin naphtoquinoid pigments and their semi-synthetic derivatives, sea cucumber triterpene glycosides, esters of polyhydroxysteroids from starfish, sea urchins free sterols, and sea cucumber fucosylated chondroitin sulfates. This Special Issue, “Echinoderm Metabolites: Structure, Functions, and Biomedical Perspectives”, is a collection of articles about different scientific aspects concerning low molecular weight and biopolymer metabolites from echinoderms, including their isolation and chemical structures, biological activities, biosynthesis and evolution, biological functions, and obtaining of semi-synthetic derivatives of biologically active natural products. This Special Issue includes materials about sea urchin naphtoquinoid pigments and their semi-synthetic derivatives, sea cucumber triterpene glycosides, esters of polyhydroxysteroids from starfish, sea urchin free sterols, and sea cucumber fucosylated chondroitin sulfates.

Medicine --- prostate cancer --- thioglucoside conjugates --- natural products --- sea urchins --- glucose uptake --- polyhydroxysteroidal esters --- NMR spectra --- fatty acids --- starfish --- Ceramaster patagonicus --- cytostatic activity --- soft agar assay --- wound healing assay --- Colochirus quadrangularis --- triterpene glycosides --- quadrangularisosides --- sea cucumber --- cytotoxic activity --- Holothuria hilla --- Paracaudina chilensis --- fucosylated chondroitin sulfate --- anticoagulant activity --- echinochrome A --- echinamine A --- echinamine B --- herpes simplex virus type 1 --- Vero cells --- glycoprotein gD --- molecular docking --- Thyonidium kurilensis --- kurilosides --- Thenea muricata --- Aplysina sp. --- Pseudoanthomastus agaricus --- Montastraea cavernosa --- Buccinum sp. --- Pasiphaea tarda --- Phormosoma placenta --- Echinometra lucunter --- sterols --- gas chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells --- 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone --- O-glucoside --- thiomethylglycoside --- QSAR --- prostate cancer --- thioglucoside conjugates --- natural products --- sea urchins --- glucose uptake --- polyhydroxysteroidal esters --- NMR spectra --- fatty acids --- starfish --- Ceramaster patagonicus --- cytostatic activity --- soft agar assay --- wound healing assay --- Colochirus quadrangularis --- triterpene glycosides --- quadrangularisosides --- sea cucumber --- cytotoxic activity --- Holothuria hilla --- Paracaudina chilensis --- fucosylated chondroitin sulfate --- anticoagulant activity --- echinochrome A --- echinamine A --- echinamine B --- herpes simplex virus type 1 --- Vero cells --- glycoprotein gD --- molecular docking --- Thyonidium kurilensis --- kurilosides --- Thenea muricata --- Aplysina sp. --- Pseudoanthomastus agaricus --- Montastraea cavernosa --- Buccinum sp. --- Pasiphaea tarda --- Phormosoma placenta --- Echinometra lucunter --- sterols --- gas chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells --- 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone --- O-glucoside --- thiomethylglycoside --- QSAR

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Starting from a kinase of interest, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has gone far beyond an average biomolecule. Being expressed in all mammalian cell types and probably having a counterpart in every eukaryotic cell, AMPK has attracted interest in virtually all areas of biological research. Structural and biophysical insights have greatly contributed to a molecular understanding of this kinase. From good old protein biochemistry to modern approaches, such as systems biology and advanced microscopy, all disciplines have provided important information. Thus, multiple links to cellular events and subcellular localizations have been established. Moreover, the crucial involvement of AMPK in human health and disease has been evidenced. AMPK accordingly has moved from an interesting enzyme to a pharmacological target. However, despite our extensive current knowledge about AMPK, the growing community is busier than ever. This book provides a snapshot of recent and current AMPK research with an emphasis on work providing molecular insight, including but not limited to novel physiological and pathological functions, or regulatory mechanisms. Up-to-date reviews and research articles are included.

n/a --- HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- beiging --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake --- benign

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This theme issue is to celebrate Professor Robert Verpoorte’s 75th birthday. Prof. Verpoorte has been working in Leiden University over 40 years. There is no need to dwell upon the contributions of Dr. Verpoorte to plant-derived natural products research during his whole life. Dr. Verpoorte was a highly productive scientist throughout his academic career, with over 800 scientific publications in the form of research papers, books, and book chapters. His research interests are very diverse, cover- ing numerous topics related to plant-based natural products such as plant cell biotech- nology, biosynthesis, metabolomics, genetic engineering, and green technology, as well as the isolation of new biologically active compounds. He has left indelible footprints in all these fields, and he is widely recognised as a pioneer in the work of the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids, NMR-based metabolomics, and green technology in natural products production. As close friends and colleagues who have been in nearly daily contact with him over the last 20 years viewing all of these remarkable scientific contributions, we felt compelled to recognize this by the publication of a Special Issue of this journal dedicated to him.Thus, this Special Issue has now finally been released with the help of many of his colleagues and former students as a token of our gratitude to his impressive work.The Special Issue covers five main natural products topics: (1) chemical profiling and metabolomics, (2) separation/isolation and identification of plant specialized metabolites, (3) pharmacognosy of natural products to identify bioactive molecules from natural prod- ucts, (4) novel formulation of natural products, and (5) overview of natural products as a source of bioactive molecules.

natural extract --- glycerin --- chemical profiling --- centrifugal partition chromatography --- 13C nuclear magnetic resonance --- cosmetic industry --- Psychotria malayana Jack --- type 2 diabetes --- α-glucosidase inhibitors --- LC-MS --- metabolomics --- molecular docking --- colorectal cancer --- HCT 116 --- telomerase --- telomerase inhibitor --- berberine --- downregulation --- cell cycle arrest --- telomere erosion --- molecular imaging --- direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry --- ephedra alkaloids --- ephedrine --- methylephedrine --- Ephedra sinica --- natural products --- dereplication --- databases --- spectroscopy --- taxonomy --- molecular structures --- lignans --- secoisolariciresinol --- RNA interference --- flax --- osmotic stress --- 1H-NMR --- ionic liquids --- oxypeucedanin hydrate --- byakangelicin --- A. dahurica --- back-extraction --- enrichment --- plum brandy --- GC-FID-MS --- enzyme inhibition assay --- antibacterial assay --- effect-directed analysis --- bioassay --- botanicals --- health food --- protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) --- PTP-MEG2 --- phloridzin --- glucose-uptake --- Eleutherococcus senticosus --- fruits --- eleutherosides --- nutri-pharmacological --- herbs --- inflammation --- docking --- NuBBE database --- chalcones --- Nacobbus aberrans --- nematicidal activity --- α-terthienyl --- stigmasterol --- quercetagetin derivatives --- 9-O-angeloyl-retronecine N-oxide --- alkaloid --- Solanaceae --- tropane --- indole --- pyrrolidine --- Datura --- terpenoid --- signaling --- chemical cue --- kairomone --- potentiation --- cytotoxic activity --- NMR --- Ononis diffusa --- Ononis variegata --- oxylipins --- toronjil --- Mexican agastache --- aromatic plants --- weld --- Reseda luteola L. --- natural yellow dye --- μ-analysis --- micro-extraction of wool --- UHPLC --- fingerprinting --- flavones --- structure elucidation --- n/a

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Starting from a kinase of interest, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has gone far beyond an average biomolecule. Being expressed in all mammalian cell types and probably having a counterpart in every eukaryotic cell, AMPK has attracted interest in virtually all areas of biological research. Structural and biophysical insights have greatly contributed to a molecular understanding of this kinase. From good old protein biochemistry to modern approaches, such as systems biology and advanced microscopy, all disciplines have provided important information. Thus, multiple links to cellular events and subcellular localizations have been established. Moreover, the crucial involvement of AMPK in human health and disease has been evidenced. AMPK accordingly has moved from an interesting enzyme to a pharmacological target. However, despite our extensive current knowledge about AMPK, the growing community is busier than ever. This book provides a snapshot of recent and current AMPK research with an emphasis on work providing molecular insight, including but not limited to novel physiological and pathological functions, or regulatory mechanisms. Up-to-date reviews and research articles are included.

HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- benign --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake --- HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- benign --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake

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Membranes play an enormous role in our life. Biological cell membranes control the fluxes of substances in and out of cells. Artificial membranes are widely used in numerous applications including “green” separation processes in chemistry, agroindustry, biology, medicine; they are used as well in energy generation from renewable sources. They largely mimic the structure and functions of biological membranes. The similarity in the structure leads to the similarity in the properties and the approaches to study the laws governing the behavior of both biological and artificial membranes. In this book, some physico-chemical and chemico-physical aspects of the structure and behavior of biological and artificial membranes are investigated.

Technology: general issues --- ion exchange membranes --- profiled membranes --- corrugated membranes --- electrodialysis --- reverse electrodialysis --- membrane capacitive deionization --- hydrodynamic --- mass transfer --- thermal pressing --- 3D printing --- acid whey --- pulsed electric field --- demineralization --- scaling --- lactic acid removal --- ion exchange membrane --- profiled membrane --- CFD --- pressure drop --- structural mechanics --- fluid-structure interaction --- whey --- pulsed electrodialysis reversal --- fouling --- electrodialysis with filtration membrane (EDFM) --- triple size-selective separation --- glucose uptake --- bioassay-guided validation --- bioactive peptides --- electro-convective instability --- overlimiting current --- concentration polarisation --- particle tracking --- biomimetic membrane --- ion pair amphiphile --- cholesterol --- molecular dynamics --- water permeation --- air-pollutant nanoparticle --- coarse-grained model --- interaction --- molecular dynamics simulation --- pulmonary surfactant monolayer --- PP membrane --- O2 plasma --- TiO2 nanoparticles --- UV treatment --- hydrophilicity --- biopolymer electrolyte membranes --- XRD analysis --- FTIR study --- Morphology --- Impedance study --- EDLC fabrication --- LaPO4: Ce --- Tb --- ionic liquid --- supported liquid membrane --- photoluminescence --- hyperbranched polymer --- crosslinking --- alkaline fuel cells --- ionic conductivity --- water swelling --- ion-exchange membranes --- ion-exchange particles --- heterogeneity --- electrokinetics --- current–voltage curves --- ion-exchange membrane --- Fujifilm --- Neosepta --- phosphate transport --- limiting current density --- voltammetry --- zinc–air battery --- separator --- hydroxide exchange membrane --- anion-exchange membrane --- ionic channel --- polyphenylene oxide --- polymer inclusion membrane --- ionic liquids --- volatile fatty acids (VFAs) --- acetic acids --- hexanoic acids --- anomalous water diffusion --- computer simulations --- ion channel gating --- nano-size water pore --- physico-chemical properties of confined water --- protein-water interactions --- TRPV1 channel permeability for water --- water dynamics --- water H-bonding --- NETs --- inner nuclear membrane --- outer nuclear membrane --- nuclear envelope --- polymer blends --- impedance study --- dielectric properties --- electric modulus study --- loss tangent peaks --- ion transport parameters --- Trukhan model --- salinity gradient power --- concentration difference --- electrolyte composition --- n/a --- current-voltage curves --- zinc-air battery