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REGENERATION (BIOLOGIE) --- ANGIOSPERMS --- MORPHOGENESIS --- TRANSFORMATION --- CROWN GALL --- MARKERS --- CHLOROPLASTS --- PROTEINS --- PROTOPLASTS --- ANTHERS --- POLLEN --- EMBRYOS --- SELECTION --- NATURAL PRODUCTS --- TISSUE CULTURE --- MOSSES --- CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATES --- CELL DIVISION --- GLYOXALASE --- BANKS --- CRYOPRESERVATION --- GERMPLASM --- BREEDING --- CULTURES --- PLANT CELLS --- IMPROVEMENT --- FARM CROPS --- BIOSYNTHESIS --- Cell culture --- Tissue culture --- Plant breeding

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The chemistry of nickel in biological systems has been intensely investigated since the discovery of the essential role played by this transition metal in the enzyme urease, ca. 1975. Since then, several nickel-dependent enzymes have been discovered and characterized at the molecular level using structural, spectroscopic, and kinetic methods, and insight into reaction mechanisms has been elaborated using synthetic and computational models. The dual role of nickel as both an essential nutrient and as a toxin has prompted efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms of nickel toxicology and to uncover the means by which cells select nickel from among a pool of different and more readily available metal ions and thus regulate the intracellular chemistry of nickel. This latter effort highlights the importance of proteins involved in the extra- and intra-cellular sensing of nickel, the roles of nickel-selective proteins for import and export, and nickel-responsive transcription factors, all of which are important for regulating nickel homeostasis. In this Special Issue, the contributing authors have covered recent advances in many of these aspects of nickel biochemistry, including toxicology, bacterial pathogenesis, carcinogenesis, computational and synthetic models, nickel trafficking proteins, and enzymology.

Research & information: general --- InrS --- nickel-dependent transcriptional regulators --- molecular modelling --- nickel --- hydrogenase --- urease --- Ni-enzymes --- pathogens --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- lncRNA --- lung carcinogenesis --- histidine-rich protein --- carbon monoxide dehydrogenase --- nickel chaperone --- nickel-induced oligomerization --- urease maturation --- metallochaperone --- G-protein --- conformational change --- bioavailability --- carcinogenicity --- genotoxicity --- allergy --- reproductive --- asthma --- nanoparticles --- ecotoxicity --- environment --- biological nickel sites --- nickel-thiolates --- dinuclear nickel metallopeptides --- thiolate oxidative damage --- nickel enzymes --- reaction mechanism --- quantum chemical calculations --- glyoxalase --- streptomyces --- mycothiol --- metalloenzyme --- AD11 --- nickel-dependent enzyme --- methionine salvage pathway --- methionine --- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) --- methylthioadenosine (MTA) --- enolase phosphatase 1 (ENOPH1) --- polyamine --- matrix metalloproteinase MT1 (MT1-MMP) --- metalloregulator --- chaperone --- [NiFe]-hydrogenase --- n/a

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Food cannot be only considered a combination of constituents with different nutritional values, but its relevance for humans can be fully understood by also taking into account other aspects such as history, culture, ecology, and the environment. Overall, assuming that access to food is secured for all people, traditional dietary patterns are considered safe in terms of longevity, healthy ageing, and morbidity. Indeed, healthy diets have been associated with a reduced risk and incidence of chronic degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, certain types of cancers, and neurodegenerative disorders. In general, healthy dietary habits include a low consumption of refined sugars, red meat, and saturated fats, as well as a high intake of fruit, vegetables, legumes, low-fat dairy products, and healthy lipids (from seafood). As an example, the Mediterranean diet can be considered the archetype of a health-promoting lifestyle by virtue of the phytochemical diversity of its food components.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- Verbenaceae --- isoprenoids --- β-caryophyllene --- flavonoids --- anthocyanins --- antiradical capacity --- DPPH --- maqui --- murta --- calafate --- arrayán --- Chilean strawberry --- berries --- functional foods --- Mangifera indica --- mango --- UPLC --- ESI-MS --- polyphenols --- xanthonoids --- gallotannins --- hydroxybenzophenones --- mass spectrometry --- antioxidant --- antitumoral --- corn silk --- cumin --- tamarind --- aqueous extracts --- form --- postprandial glycemia --- postprandial insulinemia --- advanced glycation end products --- anti-glycation --- glycative stress --- glyoxalase --- methylglyoxal --- cytokine --- nutrients --- food composition --- African --- Caribbean --- macronutrients --- energy --- vitamins and minerals --- wild Italian Prunus spinosa L. fruit --- blackthorn --- phenolic compounds --- antimicrobial --- ceramides --- lipids --- functional food --- nutraceuticals --- traditional food --- Mediterranean diet --- Nordic diet --- overweight --- obesity --- cardiovascular disease --- bioactive phytochemicals

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Food cannot be only considered a combination of constituents with different nutritional values, but its relevance for humans can be fully understood by also taking into account other aspects such as history, culture, ecology, and the environment. Overall, assuming that access to food is secured for all people, traditional dietary patterns are considered safe in terms of longevity, healthy ageing, and morbidity. Indeed, healthy diets have been associated with a reduced risk and incidence of chronic degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, certain types of cancers, and neurodegenerative disorders. In general, healthy dietary habits include a low consumption of refined sugars, red meat, and saturated fats, as well as a high intake of fruit, vegetables, legumes, low-fat dairy products, and healthy lipids (from seafood). As an example, the Mediterranean diet can be considered the archetype of a health-promoting lifestyle by virtue of the phytochemical diversity of its food components.

Verbenaceae --- isoprenoids --- β-caryophyllene --- flavonoids --- anthocyanins --- antiradical capacity --- DPPH --- maqui --- murta --- calafate --- arrayán --- Chilean strawberry --- berries --- functional foods --- Mangifera indica --- mango --- UPLC --- ESI-MS --- polyphenols --- xanthonoids --- gallotannins --- hydroxybenzophenones --- mass spectrometry --- antioxidant --- antitumoral --- corn silk --- cumin --- tamarind --- aqueous extracts --- form --- postprandial glycemia --- postprandial insulinemia --- advanced glycation end products --- anti-glycation --- glycative stress --- glyoxalase --- methylglyoxal --- cytokine --- nutrients --- food composition --- African --- Caribbean --- macronutrients --- energy --- vitamins and minerals --- wild Italian Prunus spinosa L. fruit --- blackthorn --- phenolic compounds --- antimicrobial --- ceramides --- lipids --- functional food --- nutraceuticals --- traditional food --- Mediterranean diet --- Nordic diet --- overweight --- obesity --- cardiovascular disease --- bioactive phytochemicals

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The combination of an increasing prevalence of diabetes and the aging of populations enables the appearance of a greater number of associated complications such as diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of preventable vision loss in working-age adults. The objective of this Special Issue is to highlight the existing evidence regarding the relationship between oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflammation induced by hyperglycemia with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, with an emphasis on the importance of early diagnosis and the use of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches to prevent or delay the harmful effects of diabetes on retinal tissue.

Medicine --- eicosanoids --- oxidative stress --- diabetic retinopathy --- cyclooxygenase --- lipoxygenase --- Cytochrome P450 --- HDAC6 --- tubastatin A --- retinal endothelial cells --- retinal endothelial cell senescence --- db/db mice --- Cinnamomi Ramulus --- Paeoniae Radix --- CPA4-1 --- blood-retinal barrier --- occludin --- human retina --- epiretinal membrane --- internal limiting membrane --- vitreoretinal surgery --- macular hole --- proliferative diabetic retinopathy --- antioxidants --- diabetes mellitus --- free radicals --- high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) --- inflammatory pathways --- novel therapies --- diabetic retinopathy (DR) --- inflammation --- angiogenesis --- extracellular vesicles --- miRNA --- biomarkers --- apoptosis --- fenofibrate --- thioredoxin --- hyperglycemia --- astaxanthin --- carotenoid --- reactive oxygen species --- photoreceptor cells --- PI3K --- Nrf2 --- eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- retinal pigment epithelium --- antioxidant --- ascorbic acid --- retinal disease --- vitamin D --- GLP-1 --- superoxide dismutase --- biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy --- metabolic memory --- tear film --- aqueous humor --- vitreous humor --- mitochondria --- redox --- photoreceptor --- glycation --- aging --- glyoxalase --- n/a