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Energy crises and global warming pose serious challenges to researchers in their attempt to develop a sustainable society for the future. Solar energy conversion is a remarkable, clean, and sustainable way to nullify the effects of fossil fuels. The findings of photocatalytic hydrogen production (PCHP) by Fujishima and Honda propose that “water will be the coal for the future”. Hydrogen is a carbon-free clean fuel with a high specific energy of combustion. Titanium oxide (TiO2), graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) are three pillars of water splitting photocatalysts owing to their superior electronic and optical properties. Tremendous research efforts have been made in recent years to fabricate visible or solar-light, active photocatalysts. The significant features of various oxide, sulfide, and carbon based photocatalysts for cost-effective hydrogen production are presented in this Special Issue. The insights of sacrificial agents on the hydrogen production efficiency of catalysts are also presented in this issue.

Technology: general issues --- photocatalysis --- H2 generation --- water splitting --- solar energy --- hydrogen production --- methanol photo-splitting --- heterojunction --- CuS@CuGaS2 --- electron-hole recombination --- perovskite oxynitride --- band gap --- density-functional theory --- Niobium(V) oxide --- graphitic carbon nitride --- hydrothermal synthesis --- H2 evolution --- heterostructures --- Z-Scheme --- TiO2 --- g-C3N4 --- CdS --- energy --- spherical particle --- disordered surface --- photocatalysts --- MoS2 --- MoSe2 --- photoelectrochemical deposition --- rapid-thermal annealing --- hydrogen evolution --- CO2 reduction --- n/a

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Energy crises and global warming pose serious challenges to researchers in their attempt to develop a sustainable society for the future. Solar energy conversion is a remarkable, clean, and sustainable way to nullify the effects of fossil fuels. The findings of photocatalytic hydrogen production (PCHP) by Fujishima and Honda propose that “water will be the coal for the future”. Hydrogen is a carbon-free clean fuel with a high specific energy of combustion. Titanium oxide (TiO2), graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) are three pillars of water splitting photocatalysts owing to their superior electronic and optical properties. Tremendous research efforts have been made in recent years to fabricate visible or solar-light, active photocatalysts. The significant features of various oxide, sulfide, and carbon based photocatalysts for cost-effective hydrogen production are presented in this Special Issue. The insights of sacrificial agents on the hydrogen production efficiency of catalysts are also presented in this issue.

photocatalysis --- H2 generation --- water splitting --- solar energy --- hydrogen production --- methanol photo-splitting --- heterojunction --- CuS@CuGaS2 --- electron-hole recombination --- perovskite oxynitride --- band gap --- density-functional theory --- Niobium(V) oxide --- graphitic carbon nitride --- hydrothermal synthesis --- H2 evolution --- heterostructures --- Z-Scheme --- TiO2 --- g-C3N4 --- CdS --- energy --- spherical particle --- disordered surface --- photocatalysts --- MoS2 --- MoSe2 --- photoelectrochemical deposition --- rapid-thermal annealing --- hydrogen evolution --- CO2 reduction --- n/a

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Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) certainly do not represent a newcomer to the scientific community, yet they continue to attract a strong and general interest among a vast and multifaceted range of researchers. This persistent modernity is definitely due to some peculiar characteristics of these materials, which allow researchers and engineers to play with different aspects of two worlds: organic and inorganic, crystalline and molecular, solid and liquid, cationic and anionic. A virtually infinite number of possible chemical combinations takes advantage of their layered structure to express an unrivaled collection of remarkable properties. The capture and/or release of organic and inorganic species, versatile low-cost catalytic activity, and blending with other compounds to build up a variety of hybrid composites, are just some of the many effects investigated to date. As a result, the applications encompass almost all aspects of our life, ranging from renewable energy production to water purification, including biomedical applications, gas sensing, drug delivery, and food packaging and safety. This Special Issue highlights some of the recent research lines, and shows that remarkable progress has been and is still being made in all these aspects, to allow the consideration of LDHs as one of the most interesting and versatile inorganic materials.

Research & information: general --- layered double hydroxides --- reconstruction --- curcumin --- drug release --- wastewater --- heavy metals removal --- sol–gel processing --- alkaline earth metals --- mixed metal oxides --- reconstruction effect --- surface properties --- nanocomposites --- nanofillers --- thermal stability --- flammability --- polymer matrix --- HC --- hydrothermal synthesis --- layered double hydroxide --- AFm phase --- calcium hemicarboaluminate --- cement phases --- cement hydration --- C3AH6 --- C4ACH11 --- katoite --- microwave-assisted organic synthesis --- biofuel production --- rehydrated hydrotalcite --- heterogeneous basic catalysis --- green chemistry --- mechanochemistry --- bead mill --- synthesis --- wet grinding --- layered double hydroxides (LDHs) --- other nanoclays --- organically modified LDH --- water purification --- adsorption --- adsorption interaction --- diffusion --- n/a --- sol-gel processing

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The articles published in this Special Issue reprint offer a sound update of research fields where the concepts of modular crystallography are important and provide unique keys to understand and to solve problems of structural crystallography. Polytypism, polysomatism, and twinning are fertile fields of research, and their basic principles—often coupled with the OD (order-disorder) theory—are powerful tools to solve and classify related crystal structures. Research on twinning and its consequences on structure and properties of crystalline materials is cutting-edge, e.g., dealing with relations between twin walls and piezoelectricity.

Research & information: general --- Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning --- tetrahedrite --- tennantite --- twinning --- order–disorder approach --- tetrahedral framework --- modular structures --- polysomes (series) --- synthetic analogues of minerals --- transition metal phosphates --- X-ray diffraction --- antiferromagnets --- frustrated magnets --- kagomé lattice --- chemical ordering --- superstructure --- spryite --- argyrodite-type compounds --- ultra-low temperature --- RE-silicate-germanate --- hydrothermal synthesis --- layered silicates --- modular approach --- wollastonite chain --- topology-symmetry analysis --- OD theory --- structure prediction --- luminescence properties --- twin wall --- twin boundary --- minerals --- emerging properties --- piezoelectricity in minerals --- surface relaxations --- anorthite --- Pamierite --- perovskite --- OD structures --- polytypism --- polymorphism --- heteropolyhedral framework --- modularity --- topology --- borophosphates --- aluminophosphates --- DFT --- electron diffraction --- c-type reflections --- ordering --- calcite --- glendonite --- TEM --- n/a --- order-disorder approach --- kagomé lattice

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The articles published in this Special Issue reprint offer a sound update of research fields where the concepts of modular crystallography are important and provide unique keys to understand and to solve problems of structural crystallography. Polytypism, polysomatism, and twinning are fertile fields of research, and their basic principles—often coupled with the OD (order-disorder) theory—are powerful tools to solve and classify related crystal structures. Research on twinning and its consequences on structure and properties of crystalline materials is cutting-edge, e.g., dealing with relations between twin walls and piezoelectricity.

Research & information: general --- Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning --- tetrahedrite --- tennantite --- twinning --- order–disorder approach --- tetrahedral framework --- modular structures --- polysomes (series) --- synthetic analogues of minerals --- transition metal phosphates --- X-ray diffraction --- antiferromagnets --- frustrated magnets --- kagomé lattice --- chemical ordering --- superstructure --- spryite --- argyrodite-type compounds --- ultra-low temperature --- RE-silicate-germanate --- hydrothermal synthesis --- layered silicates --- modular approach --- wollastonite chain --- topology-symmetry analysis --- OD theory --- structure prediction --- luminescence properties --- twin wall --- twin boundary --- minerals --- emerging properties --- piezoelectricity in minerals --- surface relaxations --- anorthite --- Pamierite --- perovskite --- OD structures --- polytypism --- polymorphism --- heteropolyhedral framework --- modularity --- topology --- borophosphates --- aluminophosphates --- DFT --- electron diffraction --- c-type reflections --- ordering --- calcite --- glendonite --- TEM --- n/a --- order-disorder approach --- kagomé lattice