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Heart failure prevalence continues to rise globally. Regardless of the underlying etiology, heart failure remains a progressive disease, largely irreversible and end-stage heart failure requires transplantation. Book focuses on the challenges and recent advances of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heart failure with or without associated comorbidities. We hope that readers will appreciate the wide breadth of topics and clinical utility of the articles and reviews included to this book collection.

Medicine --- Cardiovascular medicine --- biomarkers --- ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction --- preserved left ventricular ejection fraction --- reduced left ventricular ejection fraction --- heart failure --- NT-proBNP --- soluble ST2 --- galectin-3 --- matrix metalloproteinases --- tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases --- mortality --- ejection fraction --- cardiopulmonary exercise test --- ventilatory inefficiency --- angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor --- echocardiography --- HFrEF --- risk stratification --- left ventricle end-diastolic diameter --- E/e’ ratio --- left ventricle outflow tract velocity-time integral --- hospitalization predictor --- short-term prognosis --- heart failure readmission --- acute myocardial infarction --- blood biomarkers --- diagnosis --- congestion --- clinical assessment --- preserved ejection fraction --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- myocardial infarction --- chronic heart failure --- heart rate variability --- 2D echocardiography --- 24-h ECG monitoring --- chronic kidney disease --- pulmonary hypertension --- arteriovenous fistulas --- overhydration --- heart transplant --- cardiac allograft vasculopathy --- heart transplant rejection --- transthoracic echocardiography --- longitudinal strain --- sensing parameters --- pacing parameters --- adverse left ventricular remodeling --- left ventricular-arterial coupling --- fatty liver --- cardiovascular disease --- fibrosis --- epicardial fat --- left atrial strain --- edema --- dilated cardiomyopathy --- fluid management --- endothelial dysfunction --- n/a --- angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor --- E/e' ratio

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This book outlines some new advances in genetics, clinical evaluation, localization, therapy (newly including immunotherapy) of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma including their metastatic counterparts. Well-known and experienced clinicians and scientists contributed to this book to include some novel approaches to these tumors. This book will serve to various health care professionals from different subspecialties, but mainly oncologists, endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, pediatricians, and radiologists. This book shows that the field of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma is evolving and a significant progress has been made in last 5 years requiring that health care professionals and scientists will learns new information and implement it in their clinical practice or scientific work, respectively. This book should not be missed by anybody who is focusing on neuroendocrine tumors, their newest evaluation and treatment.

polycythemia --- peptide receptor radiotherapy --- n/a --- vasculogenesis --- catecholamines --- neuroendocrine --- GTV --- adaptive immunity --- therapy resistance --- histology --- transgenic mice --- cryoablation --- spheroids --- energy metabolism --- somatostatinoma --- angiogenesis --- pheochromocytoma --- SDHD --- percutaneous ethanol injection --- metanephrines --- SDHB --- global longitudinal strain --- mutation --- normetanephrines --- catecholamine --- PASS --- PGL --- 177Lu-DOTATATE --- chromosomal alteration --- speckle-tracking echocardiography --- lL-6 --- dog --- percutaneous ablation --- stem-like tumor cells --- EPAS1 --- neural crest --- fluorescence imaging --- neutrophil --- xenograft --- inflammation --- head and neck --- weighted standard deviation --- FGF21 --- calorimetry --- HIF --- average real variability --- next-generation sequencing --- adrenocortical carcinoma --- carotid body --- hypoxia-inducible factor --- paraganglioma --- succinate dehydrogenase --- blood pressure variability --- arrhythmia --- mortality --- NF1 --- toll-like receptor --- GAPP --- NET --- subclinical systolic dysfunction --- pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma --- PET-CT --- pan-cancer analysis --- mouse pheochromocytoma cells --- innate immunity --- neurogenesis --- neuroendocrine tumor --- obesity --- hypotension --- hypoxia --- CNV detection --- 18F-FDOPA --- comparative genomics --- adrenomedullary function --- PCC --- pathogen-associated molecular patterns --- adrenal tumor --- radiotherapy --- 11C-hydroxy-ephedrine --- radiofrequency ablation --- PPGL --- minimally invasive procedure --- sporadic --- diabetes mellitus --- adrenal incidentaloma --- germline mutation --- immunotherapy --- VHL --- immunohistochemistry --- metastatic OR malignant pheochromocytoma --- erythropoietin --- postoperative --- targeted therapy --- PRRT --- metastatic --- mitochondria --- T cell --- TCA cycle --- meta-analysis --- pseudohypoxia --- ectopic secretion --- radiosensitization --- chromogranin A --- hereditary --- hypertension --- PET --- phosphorylation tyrosine hydroxylase

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The present book contains 14 articles that were accepted for publication in the Special Issue “Numerical Computation, Data Analysis and Software in Mathematics and Engineering” of the MDPI journal Mathematics. The topics of these articles include the aspects of the meshless method, numerical simulation, mathematical models, deep learning and data analysis. Meshless methods, such as the improved element-free Galerkin method, the dimension-splitting, interpolating, moving, least-squares method, the dimension-splitting, generalized, interpolating, element-free Galerkin method and the improved interpolating, complex variable, element-free Galerkin method, are presented. Some complicated problems, such as tge cold roll-forming process, ceramsite compound insulation block, crack propagation and heavy-haul railway tunnel with defects, are numerically analyzed. Mathematical models, such as the lattice hydrodynamic model, extended car-following model and smart helmet-based PLS-BPNN error compensation model, are proposed. The use of the deep learning approach to predict the mechanical properties of single-network hydrogel is presented, and data analysis for land leasing is discussed. This book will be interesting and useful for those working in the meshless method, numerical simulation, mathematical model, deep learning and data analysis fields.

Information technology industries --- cold-roll forming --- longitudinal strain --- cubic spline function --- cumulative chord --- elastic–plastic problem --- complex variable meshless method --- interpolating shape function --- singular weight function --- complete basis function --- mathematical model --- leased price --- total leased area --- data analysis --- residential land --- Beijing --- meshless method --- dimension splitting–interpolating moving least squares (DS-IMLS) method --- improved interpolating element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method --- potential problem --- traffic flow --- two-dimensional lattice hydrodynamic model --- driver’s predictive effect --- finite element method --- alkali-activated slag ceramsite compound insulation block --- ANSYS CFX --- thermal and mechanical performances --- indoor thermal environment --- dimension splitting method --- dimension splitting generalized interpolating element-free Galerkin method --- convection–diffusion–reaction problem --- deep learning --- hydrogel network --- mechanical property --- convolutional neural network --- self-avoiding walk --- personnel health monitoring --- construction site management --- smart helmet --- infrared temperature measurement --- temperature error compensation --- BP neural network --- COVID-19 --- peridynamics --- dual-horizon --- crack propagation --- variable horizon --- multi-grid --- car-following model --- visual angle model --- electronic throttle angle --- stability analysis --- heavy haul --- railway tunnel --- basement structure --- dynamic response characteristics --- defects --- the lattice hydrodynamic model --- control signal --- strong wind --- optimal estimation of flux difference integral --- improved element-free Galerkin method --- Helmholtz equation --- penalty method --- improved moving least-squares approximation --- n/a --- elastic-plastic problem --- dimension splitting-interpolating moving least squares (DS-IMLS) method --- driver's predictive effect --- convection-diffusion-reaction problem

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Cardiac biomarkers such as troponins and natiuretic peptides have made a great impact on clinical decision making as well as improving our understanding of molecular mechanisms of different disease conditions. However, the biomarkers that are currently in use do not reflect all the multiple disease pathways that are involved in a broad spectrum of cardiac disease conditions ranging from acute coronary syndrome, to heart failure (and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF), to pulmonary hypertension or arrhythmias. In this Special Issue, we will provide an overview of the current developments in the field of biomarker research, beginning with research on molecular pathways and cellular communication (e.g., microRNA) up to the clinical use of biomarkers.

Medicine --- diet quality --- ceramides --- obesity --- cardiovascular risk --- healthy eating index --- carbohydrate antigen-125 --- heart failure --- inflammatory marker --- older women --- biomarker --- cardiometabolic disease --- epicardial adipose tissue --- epicardial fat --- epicardial fat volume --- microRNA --- thyroid-stimulating hormone --- cardiometabolic risks --- metabolic syndrome --- hypertension --- very low-density lipoprotein --- STIM1 --- SOCE --- atrial myopathy --- atrial fibrillation --- ejection fraction --- soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) --- growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) --- soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) --- acute myocardial infarction --- biomarkers --- catestatin --- coronary artery disease --- heart failure decompensation --- left ventricular ejection fraction --- troponin --- NT-proBNP --- NYHA functional class --- GDF-15 --- cardiovascular surgery --- operative risk --- muscle wasting --- sarcopenia --- renal dysfunction --- chronic kidney disease --- aortic disease --- aneurysm --- miRNA --- TGF-β pathway --- KLF4 --- synthetic phenotype --- aortic regurgitation --- echocardiography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- vena contracta area --- longitudinal strain --- T1 mapping --- GDF8 --- myostatin --- AMI --- ceruloplasmin --- H-FABP --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein --- FABP3 --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- HF --- cardiac biomarkers --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- left ventricular systolic function --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- myocardial triglyceride content --- cell adhesion molecule --- repeated measurements --- pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A --- cohort studies --- cardiovascular diseases --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- circulating cells --- PBMCS --- platelets --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) --- herat failure --- liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein --- long-term outcomes --- cardiac intensive care units --- acute kidney injury --- myocardial infarction --- STEMI --- cardiovascular events --- cardiovascular death --- risk stratification --- sST2 --- Pentraxin-3 --- sudden cardiac death --- ventricular arrhythmia --- ventricular tachycardia --- chronic heart failure --- saliva --- salivary biomarkers --- CKD --- CVD --- PPCI --- left ventricular adverse remodelling --- circulating miRNAs --- NAFLD --- Framingham risk score --- risk prediction --- secondary prevention --- primary prevention --- NAFLD fibrosis score --- HFpEF --- HFrEF --- suPAR --- n/a

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Cardiac biomarkers such as troponins and natiuretic peptides have made a great impact on clinical decision making as well as improving our understanding of molecular mechanisms of different disease conditions. However, the biomarkers that are currently in use do not reflect all the multiple disease pathways that are involved in a broad spectrum of cardiac disease conditions ranging from acute coronary syndrome, to heart failure (and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF), to pulmonary hypertension or arrhythmias. In this Special Issue, we will provide an overview of the current developments in the field of biomarker research, beginning with research on molecular pathways and cellular communication (e.g., microRNA) up to the clinical use of biomarkers.

diet quality --- ceramides --- obesity --- cardiovascular risk --- healthy eating index --- carbohydrate antigen-125 --- heart failure --- inflammatory marker --- older women --- biomarker --- cardiometabolic disease --- epicardial adipose tissue --- epicardial fat --- epicardial fat volume --- microRNA --- thyroid-stimulating hormone --- cardiometabolic risks --- metabolic syndrome --- hypertension --- very low-density lipoprotein --- STIM1 --- SOCE --- atrial myopathy --- atrial fibrillation --- ejection fraction --- soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) --- growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) --- soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) --- acute myocardial infarction --- biomarkers --- catestatin --- coronary artery disease --- heart failure decompensation --- left ventricular ejection fraction --- troponin --- NT-proBNP --- NYHA functional class --- GDF-15 --- cardiovascular surgery --- operative risk --- muscle wasting --- sarcopenia --- renal dysfunction --- chronic kidney disease --- aortic disease --- aneurysm --- miRNA --- TGF-β pathway --- KLF4 --- synthetic phenotype --- aortic regurgitation --- echocardiography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- vena contracta area --- longitudinal strain --- T1 mapping --- GDF8 --- myostatin --- AMI --- ceruloplasmin --- H-FABP --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein --- FABP3 --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- HF --- cardiac biomarkers --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- left ventricular systolic function --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- myocardial triglyceride content --- cell adhesion molecule --- repeated measurements --- pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A --- cohort studies --- cardiovascular diseases --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- circulating cells --- PBMCS --- platelets --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) --- herat failure --- liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein --- long-term outcomes --- cardiac intensive care units --- acute kidney injury --- myocardial infarction --- STEMI --- cardiovascular events --- cardiovascular death --- risk stratification --- sST2 --- Pentraxin-3 --- sudden cardiac death --- ventricular arrhythmia --- ventricular tachycardia --- chronic heart failure --- saliva --- salivary biomarkers --- CKD --- CVD --- PPCI --- left ventricular adverse remodelling --- circulating miRNAs --- NAFLD --- Framingham risk score --- risk prediction --- secondary prevention --- primary prevention --- NAFLD fibrosis score --- HFpEF --- HFrEF --- suPAR --- n/a