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Micromixers are an important component in micrototal analysis systems and lab-on-a-chip platforms which are widely used for sample preparation and analysis, drug delivery, and biological and chemical synthesis. The Special Issue "Analysis, Design and Fabrication of Micromixers II" published in Micromachines covers new mechanisms, numerical and/or experimental mixing analysis, design, and fabrication of various micromixers. This reprint includes an editorial, two review papers, and eleven research papers reporting on five active and six passive micromixers. Three of the active micromixers have electrokinetic driving force, but the other two are activated by mechanical mechanism and acoustic streaming. Three studies employs non-Newtonian working fluids, one of which deals with nano-non-Newtonian fluids. Most of the cases investigated micromixer design.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- microfluidics --- micro-mixer --- micro-jet --- XFEL --- molecular imaging --- sample delivery --- steric effect --- power-law fluids --- boundary slip --- oscillatory electroosmotic flow --- mass transport rate --- passive mixing --- curved mixing structure --- confocal microscopy --- mixing efficiency --- light-actuated AC electroosmosis (LACE) --- microfluidic mixer --- optical virtual electrode --- electrokinetics --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- 3D printing --- spiral micromixers --- dean flow --- trapezoidal cross-section --- mixing index --- convection and diffusion --- Kenics micromixer --- numerical simulation --- non-Newtonian fluids --- CMC solutions --- low Reynolds number --- passive micro-mixer --- mixing unit --- cross flow direction --- baffle impingement --- swirl motion --- mixing performance --- mixing --- micromixer --- density control --- lab on a chip --- pneumatically driven --- acoustic streaming --- acoustofluidics --- computational fluid dynamics --- artificial cilia --- flow manipulation --- biological/medical applications --- chaotic micromixer --- Nano-Non-Newtonian fluid --- mass mixing index --- thermal mixing index --- low generalized Reynolds number --- minimal mixing energy cost --- degree of mixing (DOM) --- modified Tesla micromixer --- tip clearance --- symmetric counter-rotating vortices --- drag and connection of interface --- n/a

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This book includes an editorial and 12 research papers on micromixers collected from the Special Issue published in Micromachines. The topics of the papers are focused on the design of micromixers, their fabrication, and their analysis. Some of them proposed novel micromixer designs. Most of them deal with passive micromixers, but two papers report studies on electrokinetic micromixers. Fully three-dimensional (3D) micromixers were investigated in some cases. One of the papers applied optimization techniques to the design of a 3D micromixer. A review paper is also included and reports a review of recently developed passive micromixers and a comparative analysis of 10 typical micromixers.

Technology: general issues --- passive micromixers --- comparative analysis --- Navier-Stokes equations --- mixing index --- pressure drop --- mixing cost --- micromachining --- micro EDM milling --- empirical modelling --- micromixer --- design for manufacturing --- computational fluid dynamics --- micromixers --- acoustic micromixers --- active micromixers --- electromagnetic micromixers --- voice-coil mixers --- mixers --- anti-reciprocity --- electrical impedance --- mechanical velocity --- gyrator --- electro-mechanical systems --- micro heat exchanger --- vortex shedding --- thermal mixing --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- thermal engineering --- three-dimensional (3D) printing --- micronozzles --- Y-shaped structure --- mixing efficiency --- histogram and standard deviation --- split-and-recombine --- additive manufacturing --- surface metrology --- asymmetric split-and-recombine (ASAR) --- stereolithography --- surface roughness --- soft tooling --- centrifugal microfluidics --- U-shaped channel --- Coriolis force --- flow visualization --- microfluidics --- T-shaped micromixer --- vortex --- obstacles --- engulfment flow --- particle tracking --- electrokinetic vortices --- T-type microchannel --- zeta potential ratio --- length ratio --- Navier–Stokes equations --- optimization --- RBNN --- TLCCM configuration --- mixing rate --- kinematics --- deformation --- vorticity --- stretching --- folding --- diffusive mixing --- passive mixing --- fluid overlapping --- sequential injection --- segmentation --- concentric flow --- CFD --- n/a

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The last two decades have witnessed a rapid development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) involving gas microflows in various technical fields. Gas microflows can, for example, be observed in microheat exchangers designed for chemical applications or for cooling of electronic components, in fluidic microactuators developed for active flow control purposes, in micronozzles used for the micropropulsion of nano and picosats, in microgas chromatographs, analyzers or separators, in vacuum generators and in Knudsen micropumps, as well as in some organs-on-a-chip, such as artificial lungs. These flows are rarefied due to the small MEMS dimensions, and the rarefaction can be increased by low-pressure conditions. The flows relate to the slip flow, transition or free molecular regimes and can involve monatomic or polyatomic gases and gas mixtures. Hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer are strongly impacted by rarefaction effects, and temperature-driven microflows offer new opportunities for designing original MEMS for gas pumping or separation. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on novel theoretical and numerical models or data, as well as on new experimental results and technics, for improving knowledge on heat and mass transfer in gas microflows. Papers dealing with the development of original gas MEMS are also welcome.

preconcentrator --- UV absorption --- n/a --- bearing characteristics --- ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) --- resonant micro-electromechanical-systems (MEMS) --- heat sinks --- measurement and control --- flow choking --- mixing length --- gas flows in micro scale --- BTEX --- kinetic theory --- PID detector --- ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- OpenFOAM --- direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) --- thermally induced flow --- vacuum micropump --- miniaturization --- gaseous rarefaction effects --- modelling --- volatile organic compound (VOC) detection --- supersonic microjets --- slip flow --- Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) --- micro-mirrors --- micro-scale flows --- microfabrication --- Knudsen pump --- microfluidic --- microfluidics --- hollow core waveguides --- capillary tubes --- gas mixing --- advanced measurement technologies --- DSMC --- Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) --- microchannels --- miniaturized gas chromatograph --- Pitot tube --- multi-stage micromixer --- analytical solution --- pressure drop --- micro-mixer --- thermal transpiration --- photoionization detector --- FE analysis --- gas mixtures --- spectrophotometry --- Knudsen layer --- pulsed flow --- Fanno flow --- integrated micro sensors --- binary gas mixing --- modified Reynolds equation --- rarefied gas flow --- rarefied gas flows --- backward facing step --- modular micromixer --- fractal surface topography --- underexpansion --- electronic cooling --- splitter --- compressibility --- photolithography --- Benzene --- out-of-plane comb actuation --- gas sensors --- aerodynamic effect --- fluid damping --- toluene --- control mixture composition

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Micro/nanofluidics-based lab-on-a-chip devices have found extensive applications in the analysis of chemical and biological samples over the past two decades. Electrokinetics is the method of choice in these micro/nano-chips for transporting, manipulating, and sensing various analyte species (e.g., ions, molecules, fluids, and particles). This book aims to highlight the recent developments in the field of micro/nano-chip electrokinetics, ranging from the fundamentals of electrokinetics to the applications of electrokinetics to both chemo- and bio-sample handling.

History of engineering & technology --- electrokinetic micromixer --- induced-charge electroosmosis --- field-induced Debye screening --- AC field-effect flow control --- electrochemical ion relaxation --- Electroosmosis --- Power-law fluid --- Non-Newtonian fluid --- Asymmetric zeta potential --- organ-on-a-chip --- biosensors --- biomedical --- microfluidics --- in vivo models --- applications --- Microfilter --- Dielectrophoresis --- Particle separation, micropillar --- multi-layer structure --- electroosmotic flow (EOF) pump --- parallel fluid channels --- liquid metal electrodes --- microfluidic particle concentrator --- continuous and switchable particle flow-focusing --- composite electrode arrangement --- field-effect flow control --- multifrequency induced-charge electroosmosis --- simultaneous pumping and convective mixing --- dual-Fourier-mode AC forcing --- traveling-wave/standing-wave AC electroosmosis --- bacteriophage --- dielectrophoresis --- electric field --- electrophoresis --- electrokinetics --- virus --- time-periodic electroosmotic flow --- heterogeneous surface charge --- cylindrical microchannel --- stream function --- micro-mixing --- cross-membrane voltage --- ion concentration polarization --- desalination effect --- pump effect --- eddy current --- electroosmotic flow --- viscoelastic fluid --- nanofluidics --- ionic conductance --- electrical double layer --- droplet --- electrohydrodynamics --- phase field method --- non-uniform electric field --- Linear Phan-Thien–Tanner (LPTT) --- pH --- tunable focus --- liquid lens --- charge injection --- characterization --- carbon electrodes --- three-dimensional (3D) --- diagnostics --- Candidiasis --- n/a --- Linear Phan-Thien-Tanner (LPTT)