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Ruminants contribute significantly to human food security. However, the production of ruminants contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are responsible for climate change. GHGs such as methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are produced from different processes of ruminant production. Ruminant enteric methane is a substantial component of methane produced by agriculture. This book presents novel and established methods in quantifying and reducing enteric methane emission from ruminants in different production systems. The book covers different types of ruminants including cattle, sheep, and goats. The chapters are contributed by scientists and authors from different parts of the world, demonstrating the importance of this problem and the universal drive for immediate and sustainable solutions. Although, biologically speaking, the production of enteric methane cannot be reduced to zero, high emissions are an indicator of inefficient digestion of feed in the rumen and low utilisation of feed energy. By presenting research that could lead to robust and yet practical quantification methods and mitigation strategies, this book not only contributes to the discourse and new knowledge on the magnitude of the problem but also brings forward potential solutions in different livestock production systems.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- environmental modelling --- pasture systems --- nitrous oxide --- methane emissions --- nitrate leaching --- climate change --- heat stress --- goat --- immunization --- methane --- volatile fatty acids --- backgrounded cattle --- encapsulated nitrate --- essential oil --- nitrogen balance --- reduction strategy --- rumen fermentation --- microbial flora --- tea saponins --- Moringa oleifera --- fecal methanogenic community --- dairy cows --- mcrA gene sequencing technique --- methane emission --- tropical beef cattle --- Desmanthus --- supplementation --- growth performance --- ruminant nutrition --- legumes --- NDIR --- laser --- agreement --- enteric emissions --- interchangeability --- heifer --- forage-to-concentrate ratio --- prediction equation --- sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique --- genetic evaluation --- greenhouse gases --- environment --- dairy goat farming --- linear programming --- GHG emissions --- abatement cost --- mitigation options --- carbon footprint

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The 22 papers that make up this Special Issue deal with pathogen and pest impact on forest health, from the diagnosis to the surveillance of causative agents, from the study of parasites’ biological, epidemiological, and ecological traits to their correct taxonomy and classification, and from disease and pest monitoring to sustainable control strategies.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Forestry & related industries --- plant destroyers --- disease diagnosis --- RxLR-dEER --- soil-borne pathogen --- exclusivity --- inclusivity --- Phlebiopsis gigantea --- EF1α --- introns --- exons --- phylogenesis --- non-host attack --- post-epidemic --- facilitation --- endemic population strategies --- leaf baiting --- rDNA ITS regions --- soil --- water --- ITS clades --- Mediterranean vegetation --- ecology --- soil inhabitants --- aquatic species --- biodiversity --- bark beetles --- symbionts --- species assemblage --- beta diversity --- forest ecosystems --- Thaumetopoea pityocampa --- seasonal flight activity --- sexual pheromone traps --- Pinus sylvestris --- forest insect pest --- population suppression --- leaf litter --- forest management --- arthropods --- Norway spruce --- Heterobasidion root rot --- primary infection --- secondary infection --- first rotation forest --- afforestation --- Asian gypsy moth --- Lymantria dispar --- invasive species --- forest pests --- natural enemies --- aggregation pheromones --- pest management --- Mediterranean pine forests --- Emerald ash borer --- Agrilus planipennis --- post-invasion conditions --- insect traps --- prism trap --- Fraxinus americana --- DNA-based diagnostics --- LAMP --- Dothistroma needle blight --- ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species --- 16Sr group/subgroups --- PCR --- yellows diseases --- witches’ broom --- phloem discoloration --- die-back --- phytoplasma strains --- etiology --- eucalyptus little-leaf --- disease incidence --- Anoplophora chinensis --- temperature --- survival --- reproduction --- fecundity --- biocontrol --- bioinsecticide --- entomopathogen --- microbial --- ecosystem --- basidiospores --- conidia --- Heterobasidion spp. --- spore dispersal --- susceptibility --- wood discs --- Dothistroma septosporum --- Mycosphaerella pini --- loop-mediated isothermal amplification --- molecular diagnostics --- field-portable diagnostics --- Pinus nigra subsp. laricio --- forest health protection --- forest conservation --- Biscogniauxia mediterranea --- oak decline --- dieback --- Site of Community Importance (S.I.C.) --- tree competition --- warming conditions --- Diplodia tip blight --- Pinus densiflora --- plant diversity --- Sphaeropsis sapinea --- stand type --- vertical structure layer --- Heterobasidion --- carpophores --- fauna --- Tullgren funnels --- forest insects --- forest diseases --- diagnostics --- mitigation options --- citizen science --- fungi --- insects --- diagnosis --- surveillance --- disease and pest management