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In 1545, a native Andean prospector hit pay dirt on a desolate red mountain in highland Bolivia. There followed the world's greatest silver bonanza, making the Cerro Rico or ";Rich Hill"; and the Imperial Villa of Potosí instant legends, famous from Istanbul to Beijing. The Cerro Rico alone provided over half of the world's silver for a century, and even in decline, it remained the single richest source on earth. Potosí is the first interpretive history of the fabled mining city's rise and fall. It tells the story of global economic transformation and the environmental and social impact of rampant colonial exploitation from Potosí's startling emergence in the 16th century to its collapse in the 19th. Throughout, Kris Lane's invigorating narrative offers rare details of this thriving city and its promise of prosperity. A new world of native workers, market women, African slaves, and other ordinary residents who lived alongside the elite merchants, refinery owners, wealthy widows, and crown officials, emerge in lively, riveting stories from the original sources. An engrossing depiction of excess and devastation, Potosí reveals the relentless human tradition in boom times and bust.
Silver mines and mining --- History. --- 16th century to 19th century. --- african slaves. --- crown officials. --- elite merchants. --- excess and devastation. --- global economic transformation. --- history of fabled mining city. --- human traditions in boom times and bust. --- market women. --- native workers. --- provided half of worlds silver. --- refinery owners. --- rise and decline of potosi. --- single richest source on earth. --- wealthy widows. --- worlds greatest silver bonanza.
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Using household surveys for 24 countries over a 10-year period, this paper investigates why the elderly are more averse to open immigration policies than their younger peers. The analysis finds that the negative correlation between age and pro-immigration attitudes is mostly explained by a cohort or generational change. In fact, once controlling for year of birth, the correlation between age and pro-immigration attitudes is either positive or zero in most of the countries in the sample. Under certain assumptions, the estimates suggest that aging societies will tend to become less averse to open immigration regimes over time.
Adolescence --- Adulthood --- Age --- Age Groups --- Aging --- Bulletin --- Citizens --- Citizenship --- Democracy --- Demographic Changes --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Discrimination --- Economic Growth --- Education --- Effects --- Elderly --- Estimates --- Ethnic Group --- Ethnicity --- Fertility --- Gender --- Gender & Social Development --- Generations --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Host Country --- Household Income --- Household Surveys --- Immigrant --- Immigration --- Immigration Policy --- Knowledge --- Labor Force --- Labor Market --- Measures --- Methodology --- Migrants --- Migration --- Migration Policy --- Mortality --- Native Workers --- Norms --- Older People --- Organizations --- Pensions --- Policy --- Policy Discussions --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Political Support --- Population --- Population Policies --- Population Projections --- Population Size --- Progress --- Projections --- Psychology --- Publications --- Research --- Research Working Papers --- Scenario --- Science and Technology Development --- Science Education --- Scientific Research & Science Parks --- Size --- Social Norms --- Social Security --- Societies --- Sociology --- Survey Data --- Surveys --- Theory --- Time --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Weight --- World Population --- Young Workers --- Youth
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