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This book is a collection of research papers that describe some of the latest research on lithium niobate, which is an important material with many technological applications. The papers fall into three sections, which respectively consider the relationship between photorefractive properties and the defect structure of lithium niobate, powder preparation using a wet chemistry method and high-energy ball-milling technique, and finally the investigation of the domain structures, stability and conduction, and applications in waveguide devices.

Research & information: general --- lithium niobate --- optical storage materials --- photorefractive materials --- high-energy ball-milling --- nanocrystals --- mechanochemical reaction --- chemical composition --- powders --- microparticles --- photonic electric-field sensor --- titanium diffused optical channel waveguide --- lithium–niobate electro-optic effect --- Y-fed balanced-bridge Mach-Zehnder interferometer (YBB-MZI) --- electro-optic modulator --- lithium niobate thin film --- proton exchange --- Mach-Zehnder --- integrated optics devices --- doping magnesium --- Bridgman method --- high homogeneity --- thermal stability --- nano-domain --- LNOI --- pre-heat treatment --- divalent --- trivalent --- tetravalent --- pentavalent and hexavalent doping --- computer modelling --- photorefractive properties --- defect structure --- conducting domain walls --- ferroelectric films --- lithium niobate-on-insulator --- scanning probe microscopy --- non-volatile memory

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This book is a collection of research papers that describe some of the latest research on lithium niobate, which is an important material with many technological applications. The papers fall into three sections, which respectively consider the relationship between photorefractive properties and the defect structure of lithium niobate, powder preparation using a wet chemistry method and high-energy ball-milling technique, and finally the investigation of the domain structures, stability and conduction, and applications in waveguide devices.

lithium niobate --- optical storage materials --- photorefractive materials --- high-energy ball-milling --- nanocrystals --- mechanochemical reaction --- chemical composition --- powders --- microparticles --- photonic electric-field sensor --- titanium diffused optical channel waveguide --- lithium–niobate electro-optic effect --- Y-fed balanced-bridge Mach-Zehnder interferometer (YBB-MZI) --- electro-optic modulator --- lithium niobate thin film --- proton exchange --- Mach-Zehnder --- integrated optics devices --- doping magnesium --- Bridgman method --- high homogeneity --- thermal stability --- nano-domain --- LNOI --- pre-heat treatment --- divalent --- trivalent --- tetravalent --- pentavalent and hexavalent doping --- computer modelling --- photorefractive properties --- defect structure --- conducting domain walls --- ferroelectric films --- lithium niobate-on-insulator --- scanning probe microscopy --- non-volatile memory

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The present volume “New Trends in Lithium Niobate: From Bulk to Nanocrystals” contains the materials of a Special Issue of the MDPI journal Crystals dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Ortwin F. Schirmer and provides a new synopsis of his research focusing on LiNbO3. It also includes recent developments, exemplifying the continued interest in this outstanding ferroelectric, non-linear optical and holographic crystal as a workhorse for testing and realizing new ideas and applications.This book starts with reviews on intrinsic and extrinsic crystal defects in LiNbO3 of single-crystal, thin-film or nano-powder forms, studied by various optical, magnetic resonance and nuclear methods, clarifying in particular the reasons for the suppression of anion vacancy formation upon thermal reduction, mechano-chemical processing or irradiations of various types. The reviews are followed by research papers on the experimental and theoretical investigation of small polarons, together with recent results on the properties of Li(Nb,Ta)O3 mixed crystals. Among the various contributions dealing with nonlinear optical applications, papers on device development, entangled photon pair generation and thin films on the Lithium Niobate On Insulator (LNOI) platform can also be found.

lithium niobate --- small polaron hopping --- transient absorption --- mode-locked laser --- nonlinear mirror mode locking --- lithium tantalate --- crystal structure --- chemical composition --- ferroelectrics --- second harmonic generation --- lead-free piezoelectrics --- intrinsic defects --- extrinsic defects --- elemental doping --- ferromagnetism --- diluted-magnetic oxides --- LiNbO3 --- LiTaO3 --- oxide crystals --- lanthanides --- luminescence --- LNOI --- ferroelectric domains --- domain-wall conduction --- AFM --- thin film lithium niobate --- TFLN --- x-cut LN --- domain walls --- piezoresponse force microscopy --- second-harmonic generation --- Raman scattering --- electro-optics --- whispering gallery resonators --- polarons --- photorefractivity --- Marcus-Holstein’s theory --- Monte Carlo simulations --- strontium titanate --- self-trapped electrons --- oxygen vacancies --- defects --- impurity --- intrinsic defect --- paramagnetic ion --- electron paramagnetic resonance --- electron nuclear double resonance --- lithium vacancy --- lithium --- niobate --- epitaxy --- thin film --- liquid phase epitaxy --- molecular beam epitaxy --- sputtering --- pulsed laser deposition --- chemical vapor deposition --- lithium niobate-tantalate --- piezoelectric --- acoustic --- high-temperature --- sensor --- Q-factor --- BAW resonator --- parametric down-conversion --- photon-pair generation --- extended phase matching --- microring resonator --- varFDTD --- lithium tantalate thin film --- electro-optical devices --- lattice location --- radiation damage --- ion beam analysis --- hyperfine interactions --- charge localization --- lattice deformation --- optical response --- density-functional theory --- Bethe-Salpeter equation --- nanoparticles --- nanopowders --- X-ray diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- temperature dependence of electroconductivity --- bipolarons --- defect structure and generation --- Li diffusion --- bulk crystals --- thin films --- nanocrystals

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In this Special Issue of Sensors, seven peer-reviewed manuscripts appear on the topic of ultrasonic transducer design and operation in harsh environments: elevated temperature, high gamma and neutron radiation fields, or the presence of aggressive chemicals. Motivations for these research and development projects are strongly focused on nuclear power plant inspections (particularly liquid-sodium cooled reactors), and nondestructive testing of high-temperature piping installations. It is anticipated that extensive use of permanently mounted robust transducers for in-service monitoring of petrochemical plants and power generations stations; quality control in manufacturing plants; and primary and secondary process monitoring in the fabrication of engineering materials will soon be made.

PMN-PT --- neutron irradiation --- TUCSS --- L-waves --- field-deployable sensor --- structural health monitoring --- ultrasonic --- piezoelectric wafer active sensor --- nondestructive testing --- high-temperature monitoring --- FBR --- gallium phosphate --- NDT (Non Destructive Testing) --- inspection --- guided wave --- elevated temperature --- imaging --- sodium --- pressurized water reactor fuel rods --- high-temperature ultrasonic testing --- ultrasonic transducer --- dry coupling --- reactor --- lithium niobate --- non-destructive evaluation --- guided-wave send–receive --- spray-on transducers --- NDE --- piezoelectric --- harsh environment --- R --- EMAT sensor --- piezocomposites --- ISI&amp --- SFR --- NDT --- liquid sodium --- thickness shear --- Phased Array --- NDE (Non Destructive Evaluation) --- ultrasound --- high temperature --- radiation --- radiation resistance --- in-service inspection --- nuclear power plants

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This book is a collection of the research articles and review article, published in special issue "Structural, Magnetic, Dielectric, Electrical, Optical and Thermal Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Application".

Technology: general issues --- α-Fe2O3 --- photocatalytic activity --- dielectric properties --- similarity solution --- triple solutions --- stability analysis --- shooting method --- three-stage Lobatto III-A formula --- hybrid nanofluid --- slender body revolution --- porous media --- radiation effect --- mixed convection --- nanocrystalline cellulose --- graphene quantum dots --- thin film --- optical --- sensing --- glucose --- surface plasmon resonance --- Au-ZnO/C2H6O2 --- heat transfer --- rotating systems --- analytical solution --- sparking process --- surface energy --- nanoparticle nucleation --- vapor deposition --- beryllium oxide --- lithium Niobate --- SAW devices --- ellipsometry --- error analysis --- spectroscopy --- high-accuracy measurement --- optical metrology --- dielectric constants --- time-dependent flow --- entropy generation --- non-linear radiation --- γ-alumina nanoparticle --- MHD --- transition metal phosphorus sulfide --- van der Waals layered material --- 2D material --- low dimensional magnetism --- magnetic chains --- crystal growth --- chemical vapor transport --- powder X-ray diffraction --- rietveld refinement --- metamaterials --- electronic materials --- electromagnetic --- Fano resonances --- SQUID --- Ag@Au nanoparticle --- core–shell structure --- sea-urchin-like structure --- SERS --- fentanyl