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Two experiments examined the effect of age and diet on behavioural responses of piglets to separation from the sow. In Experiment 1, the vocalizations of piglets were recorded during short term (10 min) isolation from the sow and litter-mates at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age. From each of 10 litters, two piglets were assigned to each of the four age groups. Piglets of all ages vocalized intensely during isolation, but call rate was lower with older piglets, especially for high-frequency calls (> 500 Hz). When returned to the sow, piglets made distinctive 'quacking' vocalizations, and older piglets produced fewer of these calls than younger piglets. Experiment 2 involved two treatments: weaning age and diet quality. Piglets were weaned at either 2 weeks of age and onto a diet formulated for piglets of this age, or at 4 weeks of age and fed either a diet typically provided for piglets of this age or a more palatable and nutritionally complex diet. Three piglets from each of 16 litters were assigned to each of the three treatment groups. We monitored vocalizations over the first 3 days after weaning, and measured the incidence of belly-nosing during the subsequent week. Piglets weaned onto the standard diet at 4 weeks produced high-frequency calls (> 500 Hz) at a significantly higher rate than those weaned onto the more complex diet, but there was no effect of diet on the incidence of belly-nosing. Piglets weaned at 2 weeks produced more high-frequency calls and performed more belly-nosing than piglets weaned at 4 weeks onto either diet. Thus the behavioural response to separation is greater at younger ages both when the period of separation is too short for diet to be a factor (Experiment 1) and when younger piglets are provided with a specialized diet that allows them to achieve acceptable weight gain after weaning (Experiment 2). These results indicate that separation distress and frustration of suckling motivation are significant problems when piglets are weane
Age. --- Behavior. --- Belly-nosing. --- Boxes. --- Diet. --- Distress. --- Early separation. --- Early-weaned piglets. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Frustration. --- Group. --- Isolation. --- Littermates. --- Management. --- Motivation. --- Need. --- Piglets. --- Pigs. --- Quality. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Separation. --- Sow. --- Time. --- Treatment. --- Vocal response. --- Vocalization. --- Weaning age. --- Weaning. --- Weight gain. --- Weight. --- Welfare.
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ISBN: 3039285335 3039285327 Year: 2020 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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Comfort during resting, half-closed eyes when feeding on highly palatable feed, or vigorous tail wagging when being brushed are some of the positive indicators that can be used to evaluate the quality of the environment in which domestic animals live. This has been a radical shift from the past as, until now, the welfare assessment on farms has meant assessing negative indicators, namely the number of lame animals, presence of lesions, or frequency of agonistic behaviours. However, the latest research confirms that the absence of a problem or of suffering does not necessarily imply that the animals are experiencing a good life and that their level of welfare is high. To guarantee high welfare standards, animals should experience positive conditions that allow them to live a “life worth living”, and positive indicators are needed to identify these conditions. This Special Issue focuses on the development and validation of indicators of positive welfare or on the refinement of the existing ones, as well as on the identification of suitable living conditions for providing positive welfare to farmed and companion animals.
positive indicators --- animal welfare --- term list --- recognition --- welfare --- Felis catus --- enrichment --- pigs --- free-farrowing --- contact --- circadian rhythm --- dairy cows --- sow --- qualitative research --- positive emotions --- ear posture --- emotions --- welfare assessment protocol --- valence --- cattle --- phonetics --- maternal care --- buffaloes --- mother–offspring --- positive animal welfare indicators --- quality of life --- qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA) --- farm size --- arousal --- free elicitation narrative interviewing --- emotional state --- housing --- ruminants --- farmer knowledge --- happiness --- nosing --- five domains --- piglet --- sheep --- organic --- cat behavior --- observer reliability --- eye white --- goats --- immunoglobulin A --- critical review --- positive animal welfare --- calves --- saliva --- farmer attitudes --- behaviour --- positive welfare --- positive affective engagement
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