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The low voltage air gap surge protective device is a gap-type overvoltage limiter for use on communications, power and signalling circuits. This IEEE standard applies to air gaps for overvoltage protection applications on systems with operating voltages equal to or less than 600 V.

Electric apparatus and appliances --- Transients (Electricity) --- Overvoltage. --- Protection. --- Standards.

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A practical basis is provided for the selection of voltage and current tests to be applied in evaluating the surge withstand capability of equipment connected to utility power circuits, primarily in residential, commercial, and light industrial applications. The recommended practice covers the origin of surge voltages, rate of occurrence and voltage levels in unprotected circuits, waveshapes of representative surge voltages, energy, and source and impedance. Three locations categories are defined according to their relative position from the building service entrance. For each category, representative waveforms of surge voltages and surge currents are described, organized in two recommended "standard waveforms" and three suggested "additional waveforms.".

Overvoltage. --- Electric circuits --- Electric currents, Alternating. --- Transients (Electricity) --- Alternating current. --- Standards.

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Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Electronic circuits --- Overvoltage --- Transients (Electricity) --- Protection --- Protection

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621.3.015.3 --- Electrochemistry --- #WSCH:AAS3 --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- 621.3.015.3 Overvoltage. Surges. Transients. Impulse voltages --- Overvoltage. Surges. Transients. Impulse voltages --- Electrochemistry. --- Electrochimie --- Adsorption --- Transport properties

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The ever-increasing need for higher efficiency, smaller size, and lower cost make the analysis, understanding, and design of energy conversion systems extremely important, interesting, and even imperative. One of the most neglected features in the study of such systems is the effect of the inherent nonlinearities on the stability of the system. Due to these nonlinearities, these devices may exhibit undesirable and complex dynamics, which are the focus of many researchers. Even though a lot of research has taken place in this area during the last 20 years, it is still an active research topic for mainstream power engineers. This research has demonstrated that these systems can become unstable with a direct result in increased losses, extra subharmonics, and even uncontrollability/unobservability. The detailed study of these systems can help in the design of smaller, lighter, and less expensive converters that are particularly important in emerging areas of research like electric vehicles, smart grids, renewable energy sources, and others. The aim of this Special Issue is to cover control and nonlinear aspects of instabilities in different energy conversion systems: theoretical, analysis modelling, and practical solutions for such emerging applications. In this Special Issue, we present novel research works in different areas of the control and nonlinear dynamics of energy conversion systems.

multi-clearance --- neural network --- zero average dynamics --- Cable3D --- variable bus voltage MG --- explosion-magnetic generator --- quadratic boost --- matrix norm --- coordinated control system --- permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- power conversion --- capacitance current pulse train control --- air gap eccentricity --- high step-up voltage gain --- voltage ripple --- offset-free --- goal representation heuristic dynamic programming (GrHDP) --- current mode control --- sliding mode observer (SMO) --- multi-model predictive control --- combined heat and power unit --- discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) --- current-pulse formation --- sliding mode control --- single artificial neuron goal representation heuristic dynamic programming (SAN-GrHDP) --- subharmonic oscillations --- DC micro grid --- supply air temperature --- air-handling unit (AHU) --- vibration characteristics --- magnetic saturation --- slope compensation --- fixed-point inducting control --- the load of suspension point in the z direction --- variable switching frequency DC-DC converters --- droop control --- Helmholtz number --- plasma accelerator --- contraction analysis --- sliding control --- bifurcations in control parameter --- disturbance observer --- DC motor --- multiphysics --- virtual impedance --- pulverizing system --- ultrahigh voltage conversion ratio --- corrugated pipe --- DC-DC converters --- maximum power point tracking (MPPT) --- dynamic model --- nonlinear dynamics --- new step-up converter --- micro-grid --- global stability --- extended back electromotive force (EEMF) --- small-signal model --- electromagnetic vibration --- nonlinear dynamic model --- excited modes --- data-driven --- rigid body rotation --- position sensorless --- prediction --- centralized vs. decentralized control --- inferential control --- boost-flyback converter --- calculation method --- switched reluctance generator --- monodromy matrix --- bridgeless converter --- decoupling control --- distributed architecture --- wave --- buck converter --- soft sensor --- model–plant mismatches --- whistling noise --- efficiency optimization --- steel catenary riser --- moving horizon estimation --- single artificial neuron (SAN) --- space mechanism --- two-stage bypass --- electrical machine --- harmonic suppression --- local vs. global optimization --- performance recovery --- reinforcement learning (RL) --- adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) --- overvoltage --- planetary gears --- maximum power point tracking --- DC-DC buck converter --- power quality --- average-current mode control --- feedback coefficient --- power factor correction (PFC) --- capacitance current --- predictive control --- rotor dynamics