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P-type ATPases are a large group of evolutionary related ion and lipid pumps that have in common that they catalyze a transient phosphorylated intermediate at a key conserved aspartate residue within the pump in order to function. While all the P-type ATPases perform active transport across cellular membranes, they have different transport specificities and serve diverse physiological functions. The ion pumps of the P-type ATPase family create electrochemical gradients that are essential for transepithelial transport, nutrient uptake and membrane potential. They mediate cellular signaling and provide the ligands for metalloenzymes. Phospholipid flippases, also members of the P-type ATPase superfamily, regulate the asymmetric lipid distribution across the lipid bilayer and are critical for the biogenesis of cell membranes. Since all of these ATPases serve fundamental cellular functions, malfunctioning is associated with various pathophysiological processes and dysfunctions of P-type ATPases are known to contribute to cardiovascular, neurological, renal and metabolic diseases. However, with the ever growing knowledge about the diseases associated with the malfunction of P-type ATPases, they are also promising targets for future drug development. In eukaryotes the most prominent examples of P-type ATPases are the Na+,K+-ATPase (sodium pump), the H+-ATPase (proton pump), the H+,K+-ATPase (proton-potassium pump) and the Ca2+-ATPases (calcium pumps). Mutations in the alpha2 and alpha3 subunit of Na,K-ATPase have been associated with neurological diseases, including rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, familial hemiplegic migraine and alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Dysregulation and loss of expression of Na,K-ATPase and plasma membrane Ca-ATPases may be involved in cancer progression. Malfunctioning of the Ca-ATPases is also thought to contribute to hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases and mutations can cause cardiac dysfunction, deafness, hypertension and cerebellar ataxia. Mutations in the SERCA calcium pumps can cause heart failure, Brody myopathy and Darier disease and mutations in the Cu-ATPase genes cause Menkes and Wilson disease. Deficiencies in phospholipid flippases have been linked to progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, obesity, diabetes, hearing loss and neurological diseases.

P-type ATPases --- Disease --- Health --- Membrane Physiology --- Membrane biophysics

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This Special Issue “Characterization of Nanomaterials” collects nine selected papers presented at the 6th Dresden Nanoanalysis Symposium, held at Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems in Dresden, Germany, on 31 August 2018. Following the specific motto of this annual symposium “Materials challenges—Micro- and nanoscale characterization”, it covered various topics of nanoscale materials characterization along the whole value and innovation chain, from fundamental research up to industrial applications. The scope of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of the current status, recent developments and research activities in the field of nanoscale materials characterization, with a particular emphasis on future scenarios. Primarily, analytical techniques for the characterization of thin films and nanostructures are discussed, including modeling and simulation. We anticipate that this Special Issue will be accessible to a wide audience, as it explores not only methodical aspects of nanoscale materials characterization, but also materials synthesis, fabrication of devices and applications.

Technology: general issues --- physical vapor deposition --- magnetron sputtering --- AlN/Al coating --- silicon substrate --- residual stresses --- wafer curvature method --- nanoscale residual stress profiling --- indentation failure modes --- nanoindentation adhesion --- intermetallic phases --- growth kinetics --- Al–Ni system --- zinc oxide --- nanoparticles --- paper transistors --- printed electronics --- electrolyte-gated transistors --- microwave synthesis --- oxide dissociation --- doping --- rare earth ions --- upconversion --- liquid alloys --- 2D materials --- thin films --- Ga–Sn–Zn alloys --- gallium alloys --- nanoanalysis --- lithium-ion --- nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide (NMC) --- leaching --- recycling --- recover --- degradation --- SEM-EDX --- Raman spectroscopy --- resistive switching memories --- multi-level cell --- copper oxide --- grain boundaries --- aluminum oxide --- p-type TFT --- p-type oxide semiconductors --- SnO electrical properties --- oxide structure analysis --- ToF-SIMS 3D imaging --- compositional depth profiling --- high aspect ratio (HAR) structures --- silicon doped hafnium oxide (HSO) ALD deposition --- lateral high aspect ratio (LHAR) --- ToF-SIMS analysis --- n/a --- Al-Ni system --- Ga-Sn-Zn alloys --- nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC)

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This Special Issue “Characterization of Nanomaterials” collects nine selected papers presented at the 6th Dresden Nanoanalysis Symposium, held at Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems in Dresden, Germany, on 31 August 2018. Following the specific motto of this annual symposium “Materials challenges—Micro- and nanoscale characterization”, it covered various topics of nanoscale materials characterization along the whole value and innovation chain, from fundamental research up to industrial applications. The scope of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of the current status, recent developments and research activities in the field of nanoscale materials characterization, with a particular emphasis on future scenarios. Primarily, analytical techniques for the characterization of thin films and nanostructures are discussed, including modeling and simulation. We anticipate that this Special Issue will be accessible to a wide audience, as it explores not only methodical aspects of nanoscale materials characterization, but also materials synthesis, fabrication of devices and applications.

physical vapor deposition --- magnetron sputtering --- AlN/Al coating --- silicon substrate --- residual stresses --- wafer curvature method --- nanoscale residual stress profiling --- indentation failure modes --- nanoindentation adhesion --- intermetallic phases --- growth kinetics --- Al–Ni system --- zinc oxide --- nanoparticles --- paper transistors --- printed electronics --- electrolyte-gated transistors --- microwave synthesis --- oxide dissociation --- doping --- rare earth ions --- upconversion --- liquid alloys --- 2D materials --- thin films --- Ga–Sn–Zn alloys --- gallium alloys --- nanoanalysis --- lithium-ion --- nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide (NMC) --- leaching --- recycling --- recover --- degradation --- SEM-EDX --- Raman spectroscopy --- resistive switching memories --- multi-level cell --- copper oxide --- grain boundaries --- aluminum oxide --- p-type TFT --- p-type oxide semiconductors --- SnO electrical properties --- oxide structure analysis --- ToF-SIMS 3D imaging --- compositional depth profiling --- high aspect ratio (HAR) structures --- silicon doped hafnium oxide (HSO) ALD deposition --- lateral high aspect ratio (LHAR) --- ToF-SIMS analysis --- n/a --- Al-Ni system --- Ga-Sn-Zn alloys --- nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC)

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Since the great success of graphene, atomically thin-layered nanomaterials, called two dimensional (2D) materials, have attracted tremendous attention due to their extraordinary physical properties. Specifically, van der Waals heterostructured architectures based on a few 2D materials, named atomic-scale Lego, have been proposed as unprecedented platforms for the implementation of versatile devices with a completely novel function or extremely high-performance, shifting the research paradigm in materials science and engineering. Thus, diverse 2D materials beyond existing bulk materials have been widely studied for promising electronic, optoelectronic, mechanical, and thermoelectric applications. Especially, this Special Issue included the recent advances in the unique preparation methods such as exfoliation-based synthesis and vacuum-based deposition of diverse 2D materials and also their device applications based on interesting physical properties. Specifically, this Editorial consists of the following two parts: Preparation methods of 2D materials and Properties of 2D materials

History of engineering & technology --- α-MoO3 --- carbon nitride --- g-C3N4 --- molybdenum trioxide --- nanoplates --- synthesis --- few-layer MoS2 --- magnetron sputtering --- magnetron sputtering power --- raman spectroscopy --- disorder --- V2Se9 --- atomic crystal --- mechanical exfoliation --- scanning Kelvin probe microscopy --- MoS2 --- black phosphorus --- 2D/2D heterojunction --- junction FET --- tunneling diode --- tunneling FET --- band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) --- natural molybdenite --- MoS2 nanosheet --- SiO2 --- liquid exfoliation --- photoelectric properties --- uniaxial strain --- flexible substrate --- film–substrate interaction --- photoluminescence --- Raman spectroscopy --- molybdenum disulfide --- bilayer-stacked structure --- WS2 --- lubricant additives --- tribological properties --- interfacial layer --- contact resistance --- bias stress stability --- saturable absorbers --- Langmuir–Blodgett technique --- Q-switched laser --- chemical vapor deposition --- P2O5 --- p-type conduction --- P-doped MoS2 --- transition metal dichalcogenides --- two-dimensional materials --- ferroelectrics --- 2D heterostructure --- WSe2 --- NbSe2 --- Nb2O5 interlayer --- synapse device --- neuromorphic system --- n/a --- film-substrate interaction --- Langmuir-Blodgett technique

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Nanobodies have become outstanding tools for biomedical research, diagnostics and therapy. Recent advances in the identification and functionalization of target-specific nanobodies now make nanobody-based approaches broadly available to many researches in the field. This book provides a compilation of original research articles and comprehensive reviews covering important and up to date aspects of research on nanobodies and their applications for immunoassays, proteomics, protein crystallization and in vitro and in vivo imaging.

Medicine --- Bacillus anthracis --- immunoassay --- single-domain antibody --- genetic fusion --- Beta galactosidase --- P-type ATPase --- nanobody --- llama --- Zinc-transport --- Zinc-transporting P-ATPase --- ZntA --- TNF --- fluorescent --- nanobodies --- sensor --- anti-cytokine therapy --- autoimmune disease --- Western equine encephalitis virus --- MagPlex --- toxin --- antibody --- camelid --- vaccine --- biodefense --- hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry --- virus --- formatting --- Fc-domain --- half-life --- ischemia --- stroke --- MCAO --- single domain antibodies --- phage display --- intrabody --- intracellular antibody --- GTPase RHO --- BRET --- RAS --- chromobodies --- live-cell imaging --- compound screening --- cellular models --- single-domain antibody fragments --- molecular imaging --- molecular therapy --- nuclear imaging --- targeted fluorescence imaging --- intraoperative imaging --- Nanobody --- Single Domain Antibody --- Cancer --- Immunotherapy --- Imaging --- influenza --- influenza B virus --- hemagglutinin --- single domain antibody --- NanobodyTM --- yeast display --- epitope mapping --- GFP --- C. elegans --- development --- drosophila --- zebrafish --- targeted photodynamic therapy --- hepatocyte growth factor receptor --- HGFR --- c-Met --- Met --- VHH --- photosensitizer --- single-domain antibodies --- neurodegenerative diseases --- brain imaging --- blood–brain barrier --- delivery --- Aids --- HIV --- Llama Antibodies --- bi-specific VHH --- pepscan --- competition studies --- co-crystallisation --- n/a --- blood-brain barrier