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Most energy systems are suboptimized. Businesses and consumers are so focused on initial costs that they underestimate the effect of operating the energy system over its life. This suboptimization creates a fantastic opportunity to not only make a wise decision financially but also reduces the environmental impact of energy systems. There are three simple tools, known to all mechanical engineers, that when added to traditional thermodynamics enable an engineer to find the true optimum of an energy system. In this concise textbook, you will be equipped with these tools and will understand how they are applied to cooling systems. The target audiences for this textbook are mechanical engineering students in their first semester of thermodynamics all the way to engineers with up to 20 years of experience. First semester thermodynamic students will benefit the most from Appendices A and C in Chapter 1. The rest of Chapter 1 is written at a level where any undergraduate mechanical engineering student who is taking heat transfer will be able to quickly assimilate the knowledge. The textbook also has the depth to handle the latent load, which will provide the practicing engineer with the tools necessary to handle the complexity of real cooling systems.

Cooling systems. --- Structural optimization. --- Optimal structural design --- Optimization, Structural --- Optimization of structural systems --- Optimum design of structures --- Optimum structural design --- Optimum structures --- Structures, Optimum design of --- Structural design --- Engineering systems --- Optimization --- Design --- Thermal Systems --- Cooling Systems --- Systems Approach --- Deductive Problem-Solving Strategy --- Parameter Optimization --- Direct Expansion Air-Conditioning --- Chillers --- Building Envelope --- Insulation Thickness --- System Effects --- Latent Load --- Heat Transfer --- Mass Transfer --- Economic Analysis --- Total Life Cycle Costs --- Objective Function --- Return on Investment --- Environment --- Global Warming --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Conservation --- Cooling systems --- Structural optimization

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The decarbonization of all sectors is essential in addressing the global challenge of climate change. Bioenergy can contribute to replacing our current dependence on fossil fuels and offers significant possibilities in many conventional and advanced applications, from power to heating and cooling installations. Energy systems in the building and industrial sectors can convert biomass to other usable forms of energy and improve energy performance. Moreover, bioenergy sustainability means energy can be managed for an extended period of time. Further research is needed to develop better green energy production methods and new procedures to evaluate and valorize biomass in a circular economy context. Some of the most critical bottlenecks to increase the use of bioenergy are energy conversion and management from resource to final energy. The countries where this source is strengthened can achieve security of energy supply and energy independence. In addition, biomass boilers and biomass district heating systems are interesting options to achieve nearly zero-energy buildings, contributing the needed biomass harvesting to rural development and to improve resource planning and distribution. The aim of this book is to present a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical research papers addressing recent progress in biomass-based systems and innovative applications.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- green tide --- parameter optimization --- pyrolysis kinetics --- Shuffled Complex Evolution --- Kissinger method --- clean technology --- renewable energy --- life cycle assessment --- zero discharge --- waste treatment --- sustainability --- bibliometric analysis --- analysis of science mapping --- SciMAT --- systematic literature review --- municipal solid waste --- organic fraction --- biomass --- olive waste --- energetic densification --- pretreatment --- torrefaction --- energy conversion --- energy management --- technology --- thermal system --- biogas --- energy transition --- water hyacinth --- anaerobic digestion --- optimisation --- sustainable cities --- particle emission --- biomass combustion --- biomass cooking stoves --- domestic heating --- local circularity --- decentralized biowaste management --- circular economy --- resource recovery

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The future of electric vehicles relies nearly entirely on the design, monitoring, and control of the vehicle battery and its associated systems. Along with an initial optimal design of the cell/pack-level structure, the runtime performance of the battery needs to be continuously monitored and optimized for a safe and reliable operation and prolonged life. Improved charging techniques need to be developed to protect and preserve the battery. The scope of this Special Issue is to address all the above issues by promoting innovative design concepts, modeling and state estimation techniques, charging/discharging management, and hybridization with other storage components.

History of engineering & technology --- state of charge (SOC) --- joint estimation --- lithium-ion battery --- variational Bayesian approximation --- dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF) --- measurement statistic uncertainty --- electric vehicles --- renewable energy sources --- microgrid --- economic dispatching --- capacity allocation --- cooperative optimization --- SOC --- second-order RC model --- model parameter optimization --- AUKF --- small-signal modeling --- battery energy storage system --- battery management system --- control --- stability --- dynamic response --- wireless power --- state-of-charge --- electric vehicle --- LiFePO4 batteries --- state of charge (SoC) --- Butler–Volmer equation --- Arrhenius --- Peukert --- coulomb efficiency --- back propagation neural network (BPNN) --- torque and battery distribution --- particle swarm optimization --- air-cooled BTMS --- compact lithium ion battery module --- ANN --- battery electric vehicles --- battery management --- hybrid energy storage --- n/a --- Butler-Volmer equation

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Life below water is the 14th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) envisaged by the United Nations and is aimed at conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. It is not difficult to argue that signals and image technologies may play an essential role in achieving the foreseen targets linked to SDG 14. Besides increasing the general knowledge of ocean health by means of data analysis, methodologies based on signal and image processing can be helpful in environmental monitoring, in protecting and restoring ecosystems, in finding new sensor technologies for green routing and eco-friendly ships, in providing tools for implementing best practices for sustainable fishing, as well as in defining frameworks and intelligent systems for enforcing sea law and making the sea a safer and more secure place. Imaging is also a key element for the exploration of the underwater world for various scopes, ranging from the predictive maintenance of sub-sea pipelines and other infrastructure projects, to the discovery, documentation, and protection of sunken cultural heritage. The scope of this Special Issue encompasses investigations into techniques and ICT approaches and, in particular, the study and application of signal- and image-based methods and, in turn, exploration of the advantages of their application in the previously mentioned areas.

Technology: general issues --- passive sonar --- weak target detection --- robust Capon beamforming --- large DOA mismatch --- two-step steering vector estimation --- free surface recording --- waves --- bubbles --- PIV --- wave flume experiments --- Voronoi partition --- mobile sensor networks --- wireless sensor networks --- environmental monitoring --- marine environment --- oil spills --- ship --- navigation systems --- dynamic positioning --- signal filtering --- signal processing --- time-frequency representation --- Kalman filter --- estimation --- directional wave spectra --- distributed jamming technology --- layout strategy --- underwater acoustic sensor networks --- Cramér–Rao bound --- underwater image enhancement --- Multi-Scale Retinex --- parameter optimization --- no reference image quality assessment --- n/a --- Cramér-Rao bound

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Life below water is the 14th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) envisaged by the United Nations and is aimed at conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. It is not difficult to argue that signals and image technologies may play an essential role in achieving the foreseen targets linked to SDG 14. Besides increasing the general knowledge of ocean health by means of data analysis, methodologies based on signal and image processing can be helpful in environmental monitoring, in protecting and restoring ecosystems, in finding new sensor technologies for green routing and eco-friendly ships, in providing tools for implementing best practices for sustainable fishing, as well as in defining frameworks and intelligent systems for enforcing sea law and making the sea a safer and more secure place. Imaging is also a key element for the exploration of the underwater world for various scopes, ranging from the predictive maintenance of sub-sea pipelines and other infrastructure projects, to the discovery, documentation, and protection of sunken cultural heritage. The scope of this Special Issue encompasses investigations into techniques and ICT approaches and, in particular, the study and application of signal- and image-based methods and, in turn, exploration of the advantages of their application in the previously mentioned areas.

passive sonar --- weak target detection --- robust Capon beamforming --- large DOA mismatch --- two-step steering vector estimation --- free surface recording --- waves --- bubbles --- PIV --- wave flume experiments --- Voronoi partition --- mobile sensor networks --- wireless sensor networks --- environmental monitoring --- marine environment --- oil spills --- ship --- navigation systems --- dynamic positioning --- signal filtering --- signal processing --- time-frequency representation --- Kalman filter --- estimation --- directional wave spectra --- distributed jamming technology --- layout strategy --- underwater acoustic sensor networks --- Cramér–Rao bound --- underwater image enhancement --- Multi-Scale Retinex --- parameter optimization --- no reference image quality assessment --- n/a --- Cramér-Rao bound