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Personality disorders. --- Personality Disorders.

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L'homme a besoin d'explications. Y compris sur ses propres comportements. Dans les pays occidentaux, les troubles de la personnalité touchent environ une personne sur dix. Pourquoi ces troubles, qui sont pour moitié sous influence génétique, ont-ils persisté dans le temps et n'ont pas été éliminés au cours de l'évolution humaine ? Y aurait-il eu, dans un lointain passé, un bénéfice pour les individus ou plus largement pour les groupes à maintenir ces troubles ? Et si oui, lesquels ? Dans ce livre, l'auteur apporte des éléments de réponses à ces questions en se basant sur la psychiatrie évolutionniste, discipline nouvelle qui tente d'intégrer la dimension évolutionniste dans la compréhension de la maladie mentale. Mais il va au-delà de cette discipline en cherchant une explication au niveau du groupe et pas seulement de l'individu. Inenvisageable il y a encore une quinzaine d'années, la sélection naturelle au niveau du groupe est désormais reconnue comme un des moteurs possibles de l'évolution. Ainsi, selon l'auteur, les individus atteints par ce qu'on considère aujourd'hui comme un trouble de personnalité auraient joué un rôle déterminant dans la structuration des groupes d'Homo sapiens. Par exemple, la personnalité dépendante – ce besoin d'être pris en charge par les autres – aurait permis le maintien d'une forme d'altruisme non « institutionnalisé » par la société et indispensable à la survie des groupes. Ou encore la personnalité schizotypique, avec ses visions et hallucinations, aurait facilité la compréhension de l'« autre monde », permettant d'éviter à chaque membre du groupe d'affronter ces angoissants mystères, et se serait ainsi posé comme précurseur de l'homme religieux.

Personality disorders.

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"An unfortunate habit of our times has been the carrying of specialization, so necessary in many scientific fields, into the study of the human personality. The consequence has been the subjection of man to the despotism of the various sciences and his division into many loosely related parts and functions. Biology and psychology, genetics and physiology, sociology and the medical sciences, have quarreled without end over the boundaries of the claims which they have staked out and mined in their quest of a more precise knowledge of the nature of man and the determinants of his conduct. Each in its turn has minimized, and even ridiculed, the efforts of fellow-interpreters of human nature; and each has stoutly and jealously supported its own exclusive dogmas. This book is the expression of a reaction against such special theories and the conflict that they have caused; it has been planned and written in view of the acute need of well integrated studies of our sometimes bewilderingly complex life. Man is something more than the sum of his parts as viewed by the individual sciences. If we are to understand human life and assist in the solution of its problems, it is necessary for us to assume the attitudes of both dynamic psychology and sociology, with their emphasis upon the influence of environment and the limits of adjustment, and biology, with its emphasis upon the mechanisms of heredity. It is more than clear that human beings cannot be merely psychologized, or sociologized, or biologized; they must be seen eclectically, as integrations--as Gestalten. Philosophy, once the mother of sciences, was a synthesis to which all the sciences directly contributed. To this lost synthesis modern research, with its promise of a reconciliation within itself, seems gradually to be returning. Hence, in viewing the human personality as a unit, the author has looked forward to this end"--Preface.

Personality disorders.

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The sole aim of the present volume is to provide a manual of Rorschach test procedure as followed by the writer and intended to be helpful in the practical application of Rorschach tests, whether in experimental or diagnostic undertakings. Case material having proven itself the most expeditious medium for transmitting this kind of experience, the bulk of this manual consists of Rorschach response records, scored and interpreted (Part I). Theoretical discussion is conspicuous by absence. The assumption is made that the reader has attempted to use the test, and, in broad outlines at least, is familiar with its objectives as a personality investigating instrument. However, that minimum of descriptive and explanatory material, together with tables of norms, necessary towards clarifying the technique used in Part I, will be found included (Part II).

Personality disorders.

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"Left-handedness presents many problems to the individual, to parents and teachers, and to the orthopsychiatrist. Theories to account for it have been numerous, while the practical aspects of dealing with the phenomenon--that is, its management, have undergone many radical changes from time to time. Retraining from left to right hand has been considered to be responsible for stuttering and for a variety of ill effects upon motor coordination and personality development in general, and in particular phases. Thus left-handed people have been described as temperamental, unstable, unintelligent, stubborn, pugnacious, and so on through a long list of undesirable personality attributes. What those who thus castigate left-handed people have overlooked, is that all these personality traits also occur in right-handed people and, when quantitative measurements are possible, in approximately the same proportions in both groups. In this monograph, Dr. Blau presents an extensive critical survey of the theories presented by other writers from remote to recent times. He demonstrates quite conclusively that theories of heredity and unalterable constitutional factors do not explain the complex problems presented; in fact, they only becloud the issues. Wisely, he has chosen to emphasize a major point--often overlooked--that we are really dealing with problems of laterality or, more accurately, lateral dominance. Laterality refers not only to handedness; there is lateral dominance in eyes and legs as well. Handedness is related to reading and writing, with an especially interesting problem regarding the right-left or left-right orientations. An exhaustive survey of the literature is presented in this book, with over two hundred entries in the bibliography. From this survey, and on the basis of his own observations and deductions, Dr. Blau is led to stress certain points which bring order into the chaotic thinking on the subject. This monograph brings a welcome reorientation on an age-long and ever-present problem situation. The demonstration that retraining is not fraught with serious consequences is of great importance. Dr. Blau's data show that retraining does not set off neurotic reactions; for example, stuttering. The point that sinistrality is in many cases only one symptom of an underlying personality disturbance should be an influence toward utilizing treatment techniques to deal with the total disturbance rather than with the single symptom"--Foreword. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).

Personality disorders.