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Pyrrho of Elis went with Alexander the Great to Central Asia and India during the Greek invasion and conquest of the Persian Empire in 334-324 BC. There he met with early Buddhist masters. Greek Buddha shows how their Early Buddhism shaped the philosophy of Pyrrho, the famous founder of Pyrrhonian scepticism in ancient Greece.Christopher I. Beckwith traces the origins of a major tradition in Western philosophy to Gandhara, a country in Central Asia and northwestern India. He systematically examines the teachings and practices of Pyrrho and of Early Buddhism, including those preserved in testimonies by and about Pyrrho, in the report on Indian philosophy two decades later by the Seleucid ambassador Megasthenes, in the first-person edicts by the Indian king Devanampriya Priyadarsi referring to a popular variety of the Dharma in the early third century BC, and in Taoist echoes of Gautama's Dharma in Warring States China. Beckwith demonstrates how the teachings of Pyrrho agree closely with those of the Buddha Sakyamuni, "the Scythian Sage." In the process, he identifies eight distinct philosophical schools in ancient northwestern India and Central Asia, including Early Zoroastrianism, Early Brahmanism, and several forms of Early Buddhism. He then shows the influence that Pyrrho's brand of scepticism had on the evolution of Western thought, first in Antiquity, and later, during the Enlightenment, on the great philosopher and self-proclaimed Pyrrhonian, David Hume.Greek Buddha demonstrates that through Pyrrho, Early Buddhist thought had a major impact on Western philosophy.
Buddhism and philosophy. --- Buddhism --- Buddhism --- Influence. --- History --- Pyrrhon, --- Aristocles passage. --- Buddha Sakyamuni. --- Buddha. --- Buddhism. --- Chinese philosophy. --- David Hume. --- Early Brahmanism. --- Early Buddhism. --- Early Pyrrhonism. --- Early Taoist texts. --- Early Zoroastrianism. --- Jade Yoga Inscription. --- Laotzu. --- Megasthenes. --- Normative Buddhism. --- Problem of Induction. --- Problem of the Criterion. --- Pyrrho of Elis. --- Pyrrho. --- Pyrrhonian scepticism. --- Warring States period. --- Western philosophy. --- ancient Greece. --- epistemology. --- ethical matters. --- pragmata.
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This book contains important technical innovations, including comparative measures for the testable content, depth, and unity of scientific theories.Originally published in 1984.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Science --- Skepticism --- Rationalism --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Philosophy --- -Skepticism --- Scepticism --- Unbelief --- Agnosticism --- Belief and doubt --- Free thought --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Religion --- Deism --- Realism --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Rationalism. --- Skepticism. --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- wetenschap --- filosofie --- maatschappijkritiek --- Science - Philosophy --- A priori and a posteriori. --- A priori probability. --- Ad hoc. --- Ad hominem. --- Agnosticism. --- Almost surely. --- Analytic–synthetic distinction. --- Anti-realism. --- Antireductionism. --- Asymmetry. --- Atomism. --- Axiom. --- Bayesian probability. --- Bayesian statistics. --- Bayesian. --- Begging the question. --- Certainty. --- Circular reasoning. --- Classical logic. --- Classical physics. --- Contradiction. --- David Hume. --- Deductive reasoning. --- Deductive-nomological model. --- Determinism. --- Dialectician. --- Edmund Husserl. --- Explanation. --- Explanatory power. --- Extrapolation. --- Fair coin. --- Fallibilism. --- Falsifiability. --- Falsity. --- Fideism. --- First principle. --- Form of life (philosophy). --- Free parameter. --- Good and evil. --- Hilary Putnam. --- Holism. --- Hypothesis. --- Idealism. --- Impenetrability. --- Inductive reasoning. --- Inductivism. --- Inference. --- Infinite regress. --- Instance (computer science). --- Is–ought problem. --- J. L. Austin. --- Logical reasoning. --- Lottery paradox. --- Magical thinking. --- Materialism. --- Michael Polanyi. --- Modern physics. --- Modus tollens. --- Mutual exclusivity. --- Neutral monism. --- Occam's razor. --- Ontology. --- Ordinary language philosophy. --- Ought implies can. --- Paradox. --- Persuasive definition. --- Phenomenalism. --- Philosopher. --- Phrenology. --- Possible world. --- Posterior probability. --- Pre-established harmony. --- Prediction. --- Predictive power. --- Premise. --- Probabilism. --- Probability. --- Problem of induction. --- Pseudoscience. --- Pyrrhonism. --- Rationality. --- Reality. --- Reason. --- Received view. --- Reductionism. --- Relativism. --- Requirement. --- Richard Jeffrey. --- Scientific realism. --- Scientific theory. --- Sensationalism. --- Suggestion. --- Tautology (rhetoric). --- Testability. --- Theory. --- Transcendental arguments. --- Truism. --- Verisimilitude. --- Wrong direction.
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Modern information communication technology eradicates barriers of geographic distances, making the world globally interdependent, but this spatial globalization has not eliminated cultural fragmentation. The Two Cultures of C.P. Snow (that of science–technology and that of humanities) are drifting apart even faster than before, and they themselves crumble into increasingly specialized domains. Disintegrated knowledge has become subservient to the competition in technological and economic race leading in the direction chosen not by the reason, intellect, and shared value-based judgement, but rather by the whims of autocratic leaders or fashion controlled by marketers for the purposes of political or economic dominance. If we want to restore the authority of our best available knowledge and democratic values in guiding humanity, first we have to reintegrate scattered domains of human knowledge and values and offer an evolving and diverse vision of common reality unified by sound methodology. This collection of articles responds to the call from the journal Philosophies to build a new, networked world of knowledge with domain specialists from different disciplines interacting and connecting with other knowledge-and-values-producing and knowledge-and-values-consuming communities in an inclusive, extended, contemporary natural–philosophic manner. In this process of synthesis, scientific and philosophical investigations enrich each other—with sciences informing philosophies about the best current knowledge of the world, both natural and human-made—while philosophies scrutinize the ontological, epistemological, and methodological foundations of sciences, providing scientists with questions and conceptual analyses. This is all directed at extending and deepening our existing comprehension of the world, including ourselves, both as humans and as societies, and humankind.
pessimistic induction --- n/a --- qualitative ontology --- dissipative structures --- physicalism --- agent-based reasoning --- thermodynamics --- the logic of nature --- reverse mathematics --- theoretical unity --- state-space approach --- common good --- naturalization of logic --- monad --- metaphysics --- reflexive psychology --- knowledge --- neurodynamics --- consciousness --- third-way reasoning --- induction and discovery of laws --- mind-matter relations --- exoplanet --- Second Law of thermodynamics --- unitarity --- philosophical foundations --- in the name of nature --- big crunch --- epistemology --- eco-cognitive model --- active imagination --- aesthetics in science --- science --- second-person description --- subsumptive hierarchy --- 1st-person and 3rd-person perspectives --- discursive space --- space flight --- complexity --- cybernetics --- cosmology --- matter --- realism --- eco-cognitive openness --- hylomorphism --- measurement --- fallacies --- induction --- vacuum --- physics --- mental representation --- embodiment --- problem of induction --- contradiction --- internalism --- Jungian psychology --- synthesis --- exceptional experiences --- mind --- relational biology --- symmetry breaking --- emergence --- phenomenological psychology --- Aristotle’s four causes --- humanistic management --- real computing --- A.N. Whitehead --- final cause --- naturalism --- induction and concept formation --- temporality --- dispositions --- dark energy --- heterogeneity --- Naturphilosophie --- computation --- causality --- memory evolutive system --- natural philosophy --- quantum computing --- philosophy of information --- self --- information --- analytical psychology --- logic --- indeterminacy --- scientific method --- dialectics --- computability --- language --- ethics --- perception --- philosophy of nature --- agonism --- errors of reasoning --- everyday lifeworld --- emptiness --- awareness --- unity of knowledge --- digitization --- fitness --- depth psychology --- info-computational model --- creativity --- ontology --- philosophy as a way of life --- development --- void --- big freeze --- signal transduction --- abduction --- retrocausality --- dual-aspect monism --- quantum information --- theoretical biology --- acategoriality --- epistemic norms --- evolutionary psychology --- apophasis --- differentiation --- memory --- centripetality --- mathematics --- Leibniz --- Ivor Leclerc --- spatial representation --- subjective experience --- intentionality --- evidence and justification --- internal quantum state --- scientific progress --- holographic encoding --- information-theory --- qualia --- anticipation --- naturalization --- F.W.J. Schelling --- L. Smolin --- R.M. Unger --- Aristotle --- dual aspects --- process --- theory of everything --- philosophy of science --- cognition --- compositional hierarchy --- autocatalysis --- discourse --- emergentist reductionism --- form --- regulation --- contingency --- endogenous selection --- category theory --- Science --- Philosophy of nature. --- Philosophy. --- Nature --- Nature, Philosophy of --- Natural theology --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy --- Aristotle's four causes
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