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Hardwood-dominated temperate forests (mostly in Eastern North America, Europe, North East Asia) provide valuable renewable timber and numerous ecosystem services. Many of these forests have been subjected to harvesting or conversion to agriculture, sometimes over centuries, that have greatly reduced their former extent and diversity. Natural regeneration following harvesting or during post-agricultural succession has often failed to restore these forests adequately. Past harvesting practices and the valuable timber of some species have led to a reduction in their abundance. The loss of apex predators has caused herbivore populations to increase and exert intense browsing pressure on hardwood regeneration, often preventing it. Particularly important are fruit, nut and acorn bearing species, because of their vital role in forest food webs and biodiversity. Restoring hardwood species to natural forests in which they were formerly more abundant will require a number of forest management actions (e.g., resistant hybrids, deer exclosures/protectors, enrichment planting, underplanting, etc.). Similarly, reforesting areas that were once natural forests will also require new silvicultural knowledge. Global warming trends will intensify the need for interventions to maintain the diversity and function of temperate hardwood forests, as well as for increase hardwood reforestation.

Fagaceae species --- soil disturbance --- non-timber forest products --- precision restoration --- protected landscape area --- tree selection --- cultural diversity --- Quercus rubra --- hardwood restoration --- enrichment planting --- sub-tropical hardwoods --- agroforestry --- herbicide effects --- biological diversity --- competition --- Juglans nigra L. --- understorey --- invasive plants --- wildfire --- forest restoration --- Quercus macrocarpa --- riparian forest restoration --- vegetation management --- assisted migration --- sugar maple --- deer browsing --- species composition --- tolerance --- phosphorus --- growth efficiency index --- floristic quality index --- shelterwood --- Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch --- monitoring --- indicators --- seed predation --- Bioclimatic niche --- non-parametric correlation --- unmanaged forest --- Native Americans --- abandoned agricultural field --- native mixed forests --- tree vigor --- forest diversity --- predation --- weed control --- nitrate --- facilitation --- inventory --- hardwoods --- Mexican tree species --- yellow birch --- tree plantation --- seedling establishment --- deer abundance --- avian guilds --- Pinus strobus L. --- Central Hardwood Forest region --- Pinus strobus --- Durango --- MaxEnt --- Juglans nigra --- oak regeneration --- forest regeneration --- Quercus rubra L. --- deer herbivory --- ecosystem services --- tree shelter

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Conflicts in forest management are unavoidable because of the large temporal and spatial scales characteristic of forests ecosystems and the large number of actors involved. Forests are multifunctional ecosystems par excellence, and it can be hypothesized that current public policies, and especially those labeled as societal transitions, can affect this widespread holistic management goal. In this Special Issue, the different contributions by the authors raise the questions of how different types of conflicts arise and what alternatives exist to solve those conflicts. The Issue contains examples from both temperate and tropical forests and addresses, for instance, conflicts arising from REDD+ programs, the declaration of new protected areas, the complexity of negotiating carbon offset targets, the loss of local knowledge because of demographic trends, and meeting biodiversity and biomass targets simultaneously, among others. We present a general typology of sources of conflicts because of two dimensions: a vertical dimension represented by bottom-up versus top-down approaches and a horizontal dimension arising by ecosystem extent and ownership boundaries. Awareness that new policies can be a source of unexpected conflicts calls for precaution while testing new ‘transition’ approaches.

Research & information: general --- forest planning and management --- rural community sustainability --- ecosystem services --- forest sociology --- forestry in the media --- forest vulnerability --- adaptive capacity --- multiple-use land management --- conflicting perspectives --- natural processes --- high-yield silviculture --- forest management --- multifunctionality --- carbon offset --- collective action --- conflict avoidance --- mitigation --- payment for ecosystem services --- social-ecological --- France --- protected areas establishment --- stakeholder participation --- landscape protection --- qualitative research --- Soutok Protected Landscape Area (Czech Republic) --- REDD+ --- conflict --- forests --- land tenure --- political ecology --- ecological unit --- synergy/trade-off --- spatial structure --- attribute characteristics --- forest sustainability --- production forests --- environment forests --- carbon credit --- retention approach --- common-pool resource management --- local vs. global --- economic oligopoly --- panacea paradigm --- renewable energy --- sectoral organization --- CHANS --- globalization --- historical data --- socio-ecological frameworks --- dry-edge --- n/a --- Research. --- Forestry.