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In May 2016, the World Bank published a Framework for Disclosure of Information in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), which provides a template for the preparation of a PPP Disclosure Diagnostic that assesses the transparency and accountability of PPP programs based on the disclosure of information. Between March 2020 and October 2020, a joint Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and World Bank team conducted a study on PPP disclosure in Afghanistan, using the World Bank's PPP Disclosure Diagnostic template. This study led to the preparation of a PPP Disclosure Diagnostic Report (hereinafter 'Diagnostic Report') for Afghanistan. The Diagnostic Report examines the political, legal, and institutional environment for the disclosure of information on PPPs in Afghanistan. Based on these findings, benchmarked against the World Bank's disclosure framework, the Diagnostic Report provides a gap assessment of the environment for PPP disclosure in Afghanistan. It makes specific recommendations to improve disclosure, including recommended customized guidelines for PPP disclosure in Afghanistan. The findings suggest that there has been some movement toward greater transparency and openness in all areas of government in Afghanistan, but that there is still scope for further progress given that relevant legal reforms are relatively new and still to be fully institutionalized. Article 50 of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan ensures that citizens 'have the right of access to information' from public institutions. This principle was enhanced substantially with the enactment of the Access to Information Law in 2014, which was subsequently revised in 2019.2 The law further guarantees access to information and aims to 'ensure transparency, strengthen the culture of provision of information, promote people's participation in good governance, ensure accountability in the conduct of institutions, and combat corruption'.

Accountability --- Disclosure --- Public Sector Development --- Public-Private Partnerships --- Transparency

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This paper shows that the creation of an independent regulatory agency is often not a necessary or sufficient condition to help attract private participation in the operation and financing of the water and sanitation sector in developing countries. However, the odds of an impact are significantly higher for Latin American and Caribbean countries and, to a lesser extent, Eastern European countries, than for any other region. Higher income levels and higher prices are also correlated with higher effectiveness of independent regulatory agencies in attracting private sector financing. Analysis of the impact on various types of public-private partnership contracts shows that, at the margin, independent regulatory agencies are irrelevant in general, for the contract choice, except for greenfield projects, for which such agencies may be counterproductive at the margin.

Privatization --- Public-Private Partnerships --- Regulation --- Regulatory Agencies --- Water Utilities

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The high prevalence of aflatoxins in maize and other staple foods in the EAC has become an important obstacle to domestic and regional food trade. While EAC Member States have made good progress in promulgating regionally harmonized standards that include mandatory upper limits on aflatoxins, the high cost and complexity of meeting these standards has led to a large share of food being traded outside the regulatory framework thereby distancing poor producers from the market and undermining the prospects for regional value chain development. Especially as EAC countries look to recover from COVID-19 (coronavirus) and build resilient food systems for the future, minimizing the cost of market transactions is more important than ever. The need for aflatoxin management begins at the farm level where fundamental challenges with smallholder agriculture make crops highly susceptible to contamination.1 Bimodal rainfall across much of the EAC make sun drying and storage difficult and poor post-harvest practices such as hand shelling of grain and drying of crops directly on the ground compound the problem. Simple improvements in these areas are possible but add to cost so can be difficult for poor farmers and traders to justify without adequate incentives. As awareness of aflatoxins grows in the EAC, many farmers are adopting improved practices on crops saved for family consumption but not for market sale. Current regulatory approaches to managing aflatoxins in the EAC rely on expensive testing and border controls that are easily circumvented. In Uganda, SPS procedures now require exporters to submit a certificate of aflatoxin analysis from one of three nationally recognized laboratories for every consignment. Throughout the EAC, tests happen far away from the main production areas and only large firms have the wherewithal to comply. Similarly, at the consumer end of domestic and regional value chains, only large industrial mills perform regular tests and are subject to routine inspection. Meanwhile, small traders and SMEs can navigate around the regulatory system since borders are porous and small mills are rarely inspected. This situation not only leaves the EAC with little to no effective control over aflatoxins but precludes the payment of premiums to small farmers and offtakers that are needed to reward improvements at upstream stages of the value chain where aflatoxin problems begin.

Agricultural Trade --- Agriculture --- Health and Sanitation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Maize --- Public-Private Partnerships --- Trade Facilitation

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"On June 13-14, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a multistakeholder workshop to examine the transitions affecting global health and innovative global health solutions. The goal of bringing these two topics together was to collectively explore models for innovative partnerships and private-sector engagement with the potential to support countries in transition. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop"--

Public-private sector cooperation. --- Private-public partnerships --- Private-public sector cooperation --- Public-private partnerships --- Public-private sector collaboration --- Cooperation

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- Prefacio y reconocimientos   - Resumen ejecutivo   - Capacidades para la innovación en el sector público Chileno   - Habilidades para la innovación del sector público en Chile   - Motivar a los servidores públicos Chilenos a innovar   - Oportunidades de los servidores públicos Chilenos para innovar   - Creando una fuerza de trabajo del sector público preparada para la innovación en Chile.

Public-private sector cooperation --- Private-public partnerships --- Private-public sector cooperation --- Public-private partnerships --- Public-private sector collaboration --- Cooperation