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About forty years after its discovery, it is still common to read in the literature that quasicrystals (QCs) occupy an intermediate position between amorphous materials and periodic crystals. However, QCs exhibit high-quality diffraction patterns containing a collection of discrete Bragg reflections at variance with amorphous phases. Accordingly, these materials must be properly regarded as long-range ordered materials with a symmetry incompatible with translation invariance. This misleading conceptual status can probably arise from the use of notions borrowed from the amorphous solids framework (such us tunneling states, weak interference effects, variable range hopping, or spin glass) in order to explain certain physical properties observed in QCs. On the other hand, the absence of a general, full-fledged theory of quasiperiodic systems certainly makes it difficult to clearly distinguish the features related to short-range order atomic arrangements from those stemming from long-range order correlations. The contributions collected in this book aim at gaining a deeper understanding on the relationship between the underlying structural order and the resulting physical properties in several illustrative aperiodic systems, including the border line between QCs and related complex metallic alloys, hierarchical superlattices, electrical transmission lines, nucleic acid sequences, photonic quasicrystals, and optical devices based on aperiodic order designs.

Research & information: general --- nucleic acids --- aperiodic --- quasiperiodic --- fractal --- order --- disorder --- energy structure --- charge transport --- Mg-Zn-Gd alloys --- symmetrical rod phase --- quasicrystal --- morphologies and properties --- quasiperiodic order --- self-similarity --- quasiperiodic photonic micro/nanostructures --- fractal-like photonic micro/nanostructures --- quasiperiodic or fractal-like plasmonic structures --- non-periodic systems --- localization properties --- electrical transmission lines --- quasiperiodicity --- localization --- tight-binding model --- Kubo formula --- low-dimensional systems --- n/a

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The demand for aluminum alloys is increasing because of their lightness, high specific strength and other attractive properties, which can exploited in improved products for a greener environment. This book gives a correlation between the processing, microstructure and properties of several aluminium alloys. Some of them are well established and used in an enormous number of applications, while others are still under development. The processing spans from casting, rapid solidification, additive manufacturing, forming, heat-treatment and welding, which can produce interesting microstructures and a useful combination of properties.

Technology: general issues --- Al alloy --- laser induced arc hybrid welding --- heat treatment --- microstructure --- wrought aluminium alloy --- homogenization annealing --- thermodynamic equilibrium --- intermetallic phases --- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) --- characterization methods --- scalability --- mechanical properties --- aluminium alloys --- aluminium --- ageing --- quasicrystal --- transmission electron microscopy --- aluminium alloy --- SLM --- auxetic structures --- numerical analysis --- fatigue --- Al alloy 7075-T6 --- ultrasonic fatigue --- artificial pits --- pre-corrosion --- crack initiation --- 7xxx aluminum series --- early precipitation stages --- corrosion --- Al3(Sc,Zr) particles --- annihilation of positrons --- activation energy --- material flow --- asymmetric weld --- tensile strength --- VPPA --- aluminum alloy AA5083 --- rapid solidification --- melt spinning --- high-strength aluminum --- extrusion --- bimodal microstructure --- precipitations

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The demand for aluminum alloys is increasing because of their lightness, high specific strength and other attractive properties, which can exploited in improved products for a greener environment. This book gives a correlation between the processing, microstructure and properties of several aluminium alloys. Some of them are well established and used in an enormous number of applications, while others are still under development. The processing spans from casting, rapid solidification, additive manufacturing, forming, heat-treatment and welding, which can produce interesting microstructures and a useful combination of properties.

Al alloy --- laser induced arc hybrid welding --- heat treatment --- microstructure --- wrought aluminium alloy --- homogenization annealing --- thermodynamic equilibrium --- intermetallic phases --- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) --- characterization methods --- scalability --- mechanical properties --- aluminium alloys --- aluminium --- ageing --- quasicrystal --- transmission electron microscopy --- aluminium alloy --- SLM --- auxetic structures --- numerical analysis --- fatigue --- Al alloy 7075-T6 --- ultrasonic fatigue --- artificial pits --- pre-corrosion --- crack initiation --- 7xxx aluminum series --- early precipitation stages --- corrosion --- Al3(Sc,Zr) particles --- annihilation of positrons --- activation energy --- material flow --- asymmetric weld --- tensile strength --- VPPA --- aluminum alloy AA5083 --- rapid solidification --- melt spinning --- high-strength aluminum --- extrusion --- bimodal microstructure --- precipitations

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A fascinating exploration of the pentagon and its role in various culturesThe pentagon and its close cousin, the pentagram, have inspired individuals for the last two and half millennia, from mathematicians and philosophers to artists and naturalists. Despite the pentagon’s wide-ranging history, no single book has explored the important role of this shape in various cultures, until now. Richly illustrated, Pentagons and Pentagrams offers a sweeping view of the five-sided polygon, revealing its intriguing geometric properties and its essential influence on a variety of fields.Traversing time, Eli Maor narrates vivid stories, both celebrated and unknown, about the pentagon and pentagram. He discusses the early Pythagoreans, who ascribed to the pentagon mythical attributes, adopted it as their emblem, and figured out its construction with a straightedge and compass. Maor looks at how a San Diego housewife uncovered four previously unknown types of pentagonal tilings, and how in 1982 a scientist’s discovery of fivefold symmetries in certain alloys caused an uproar in crystallography and led to a Nobel Prize. Maor also discusses the pentagon’s impact on many buildings, from medieval fortresses to the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. Eugen Jost’s superb illustrations provide sumptuous visual context, and the book’s puzzles and mazes offer fun challenges for readers, with solutions given in an appendix.

MATHEMATICS / Geometry / General. --- Pentagon --- Pentagon. --- Pentacles. --- Mathematics --- History. --- Math --- Science --- Pantacles --- Pentagrams --- Talismans --- African Americans. --- Algebraic equation. --- Andromeda Galaxy. --- Approximation. --- Bakery. --- Bank for International Settlements. --- Bargaining power. --- Basic income. --- Bullet Hole. --- Cash. --- Central bank. --- Charles Messier. --- Chesapeake Bay. --- Color space. --- Compass-and-straightedge construction. --- Competition. --- Cosmic distance ladder. --- Crystal structure. --- Crystal. --- Crystallography. --- Damien Hirst. --- Diagonal. --- Diagram. --- Diffraction. --- Dodecahedron. --- Domestic worker. --- Duodecimal. --- Earthrise. --- Economic history. --- Economic policy. --- Economy. --- Employment. --- Empowerment. --- Engraving. --- Equilateral triangle. --- Estimator. --- Eurozone. --- Fermat number. --- Financial crisis. --- Geometry. --- Golden ratio. --- Government of the United Kingdom. --- Hexagon. --- Impact pressure. --- Income. --- Infinite product. --- Irrational number. --- Kamchatka Peninsula. --- Leonhard Euler. --- Linus Pauling. --- Mathematician. --- Measurement. --- Measures of national income and output. --- Meteorite. --- Milky Way. --- Monetary policy. --- Moon rock. --- Negative income tax. --- Nice. --- Notation. --- Number theory. --- Observable universe. --- Optimal control. --- Painting. --- Palazzo Vecchio. --- Payout. --- Pentagonal tiling. --- Percentage. --- Platonic solid. --- Polyhedron. --- Potomac River. --- Private sector. --- Probability distribution. --- Productivity. --- Proportionality (mathematics). --- Public finance. --- Quantity. --- Quasicrystal. --- Rational number. --- Rectangle. --- Regular polygon. --- Requirement. --- Siberia. --- State observer. --- Symmetry. --- Tax credit. --- Taxis. --- Technological change. --- Tessellation. --- Tetrahedron. --- Theorem. --- Transcendental number. --- Trigonometry. --- Unemployment. --- Unit square. --- Vibration. --- Wage. --- Wealth. --- Welfare reform.