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Wie werden Metropolregionen als Handlungsräume konstituiert? Antje Materns Studie bietet einen Überblick über Theorieansätze, Ideengeschichte und aktuelle Raumproduktionen in Metropolregionen am Beispiel Hamburgs. In einer akteurszentrierten Analyse auf Grundlage raumtheoretischer und sozialwissenschaftlicher Ansätze werden Handlungsmotivationen und Praktiken der Raumkonstruktion identifiziert und Mehrwerte der Regionsbildung auch für die Akteure in den peripheren Räumen systematisiert. Die dabei entwickelten Thesen zu regionsbasierten Kohäsionsstrategien lassen nicht zuletzt den normativen Anspruch hinterfragen, ob Metropolregionen mittels Stadt-Land-Partnerschaften Entwicklungsimpulse in periphere Räume tragen. »Die in der vorliegenden Publikation vorgenommene Systematisierung der Mehrwerte von Metropolregionsarbeit, die in der Praxis vieler deutscher Metropolregionen eine Stadt-Land-Kooperation darstellt, ist ein interessanter Ansatz und bildet eine spannende Grundlage für weitere wissenschaftliche Diskussionen aber auch für die Praxis, die die Frage des Mehrwerts von (großräumiger) metropolregionaler Kooperation gleichzeitig stellt aber auch fürchtet.« Swantje Grotheer, Erdkunde, 68/3 (2014) Besprochen in: Portal für Politikwissenschaft, 08.05.2014, Anke Rösener Stadt und Raum, 6 (2014) Planerin, 1 (2014), Tobias Preising Stadt und Raum, 3 (2015) Forum Stadt, 3 (2015)

Hamburg; Regionsbildung; Metropolregion; Regional Governance; Kohäsion; Stadt; Raum; Urban Studies; Soziologie; Urbanity; Space; Sociology --- Sociology. --- Space. --- Urban Studies.

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What drives governments with similar revenues to publicly provide very different amounts of goods for which private substitutes are available? Key examples are education and health care. This paper compares spending by Brazilian municipalities on pre-primary education---a good that is also provided privately---with spending on public infrastructure like parks and roads, which lacks private substitutes. Panel data from 1995-2008 reveal how the distribution of income affects public investment. Revenue is endogenous to investment outcomes, and the analysis addresses this problem by exploiting a 1998, nationwide education finance reform and several revisions to the policy. The author constructs a variable that captures exogenous variation in revenue generated by nonlinearities of the law to instrument for observed revenue. Municipalities with higher median income and more inequality are less likely to allocate revenue to education or to expand pre-primary enrollment. They are more likely to allocate revenue to public infrastructure. There is suggestive evidence that this occurs for two reasons, hypothesized in two separate literatures. In rich and unequal municipalities, fewer total people support public education spending (the collective choice channel), and also, any given poor person wanting public education has less influence over policymakers there (the political power channel).

Access to Finance --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Education Policy --- Fiscal Federalism --- Local Government Expenditures --- Municipalities --- Political Economy --- Primary Education --- Public Sector Economics --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Regional Governance

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Efforts to make it easier for firms to register formally are the most common form of business regulatory reform over the past decade. While there is evidence that large reforms have resulted in some increases in registration rates, recent experimental evidence suggests very few informal firms choose to register when given information about how to do so. This raises the question of whether it is productive for governments to continue to extend simplification efforts to all firms, especially those in more remote areas where many of the benefits of registering may be reduced. This study uses administrative data to evaluate the impact of Minas Facil Expresso, a program in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, which attempted to expand a business start-up simplification program to more remote municipalities. Using difference-in-differences with 56 months of registration data for 822 municipalities, the analysis finds introducing these units actually led to a reduction in registration rates, and no change in tax revenues. The paper uses this evaluation to illustrate the design choices and issues involved in using administrative data to evaluate reforms, with the goal of also providing a template that can be used for evaluating similar reforms elsewhere.

Corporate Law --- Difference-in-Differences --- Entry reform --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Informality --- Municipal Financial Management --- Municipal Management and Reform --- Private Sector Development --- Regional Governance --- Urban Governance and Management

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Nation’s Metropolis describes how the national capital region functions as a metropolitan political economy. Its authors distinguish aspects of the Washington region that reflect its characteristics as a national capital from those common to most other metropolitan regions and to other capitals. To do so, they employ an interdisciplinary approach that draws from economics, political science, sociology, geography, and history.Royce Hanson and Harold Wolman focus on four major themes: the federal government as the region’s basic industry and its role in economic, physical, and political development; race as a core force in the development of the metropolis; the mismatch of the governance and economy of the national capital region; and the conundrum of achieving fully democratic governance for Washington, DC. Critical regional issues and policy problems are analyzed in the context of these themes, including poverty, inequality, education, housing, transportation, water supply, and governance.The authors conclude that the institutions and practices that accrued over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are inadequate for dealing effectively with the issues confronting the city and the region in the twenty-first. The accumulation of problems arising from the unique role of the federal government and the persistent problem of racial inequality has been compounded by failure to resolve the conundrum of governance for the District of Columbia. They recommend rethinking the governance of the entire region.While many books are concerned with the city of Washington, DC, Nation’s Metropolis is the only book focused on the development and political economy of the metropolitan region as a whole. It will engage readers interested in the national capital, metropolitan development more generally, and the growing comparative literature on national capitals.

Washington, DC. --- district of Columbia. --- education. --- ethnicity. --- federal government. --- geography. --- housing. --- inequality. --- infrastructure. --- labor. --- metropolitan areas. --- metropolitan governance. --- national capitals. --- poverty. --- race. --- regional development. --- regional governance. --- regional politics. --- suburban politics. --- suburbia. --- transportation. --- urban development. --- urban economies. --- urban political economy. --- urban politics. --- water supply. --- workforce.

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