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The penetration of distributed generation, energy storages and smart loads has resulted in the emergence of prosumers: entities capable of adjusting their electricity production and consumption in order to meet environmental goals and to participate profitably in the available electricity markets. Significant untapped potential remains in the exploitation and coordination of small and medium-sized distributed energy resources. However, such resources usually have a primary purpose, which imposes constraints on the exploitation of the resource; for example, the primary purpose of an electric vehicle battery is for driving, so the battery could be used as temporary storage for excess photovoltaic energy only if the vehicle is available for driving when the owner expects it to be. The aggregation of several distributed energy resources is a solution for coping with the unavailability of one resource. Solutions are needed for managing the electricity production and consumption characteristics of diverse distributed energy resources in order to obtain prosumers with more generic capabilities and services for electricity production, storage, and consumption. This collection of articles studies such prosumers and the emergence of prosumer communities. Demand response-capable smart loads, battery storages and photovoltaic generation resources are forecasted and optimized to ensure energy-efficient and, in some cases, profitable operation of the resources.

power-to-heat --- sector coupling --- thermal storage --- district heat --- deep well heat pump --- hierarchical agglomerative clustering --- chronology --- demand response --- two-capacity building model --- residential users --- flexible loads shifting scenarios --- community of prosumers --- new consumption peak --- shared PV plant --- storage batteries --- load factor --- real-time pricing --- prosumers --- electricity price forecasting --- particle swarm optimization --- renewable energy --- peer-to-peer --- electricity market --- economic dispatch --- consensus + innovations --- distributed energy resources --- battery --- reinforcement learning --- simulation --- frequency reserve --- frequency containment reserve --- timescale --- artificial intelligence --- real-time

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
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The penetration of distributed generation, energy storages and smart loads has resulted in the emergence of prosumers: entities capable of adjusting their electricity production and consumption in order to meet environmental goals and to participate profitably in the available electricity markets. Significant untapped potential remains in the exploitation and coordination of small and medium-sized distributed energy resources. However, such resources usually have a primary purpose, which imposes constraints on the exploitation of the resource; for example, the primary purpose of an electric vehicle battery is for driving, so the battery could be used as temporary storage for excess photovoltaic energy only if the vehicle is available for driving when the owner expects it to be. The aggregation of several distributed energy resources is a solution for coping with the unavailability of one resource. Solutions are needed for managing the electricity production and consumption characteristics of diverse distributed energy resources in order to obtain prosumers with more generic capabilities and services for electricity production, storage, and consumption. This collection of articles studies such prosumers and the emergence of prosumer communities. Demand response-capable smart loads, battery storages and photovoltaic generation resources are forecasted and optimized to ensure energy-efficient and, in some cases, profitable operation of the resources.

Technology: general issues --- Energy industries & utilities --- power-to-heat --- sector coupling --- thermal storage --- district heat --- deep well heat pump --- hierarchical agglomerative clustering --- chronology --- demand response --- two-capacity building model --- residential users --- flexible loads shifting scenarios --- community of prosumers --- new consumption peak --- shared PV plant --- storage batteries --- load factor --- real-time pricing --- prosumers --- electricity price forecasting --- particle swarm optimization --- renewable energy --- peer-to-peer --- electricity market --- economic dispatch --- consensus + innovations --- distributed energy resources --- battery --- reinforcement learning --- simulation --- frequency reserve --- frequency containment reserve --- timescale --- artificial intelligence --- real-time

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This Special Issue aims at providing the state-of-the-art on procedures and methodologies developed to improve energy and environmental performance through building renovation. We are greatly thankful to our colleagues building physics experts, building technology researchers, and urban environment scholars who contributed to this Special Issue, for sharing their original works in the field.

Technology: general issues --- CFD --- enclosed building --- wind environment --- group layout --- Hangzhou --- China --- indoor air quality --- IAQ --- enthalpy --- humidity --- thermal comfort --- TC --- dissatisfaction --- panel tests --- nearly zero energy building --- NZEB --- indoor environmental quality --- IEQ --- indoor air quality models --- sustainable building --- multi-criteria decision analysis --- MCDM --- MADM --- user dissatisfaction --- weights system --- building comfort --- PD --- Residential users --- Demand Response --- Flexible loads --- Dwellings clustering --- building-integrated photovoltaics—BIPV --- building heritage --- energy efficiency --- traditional materials --- resilience --- urban regeneration --- adapting to change --- climate performance --- innovative technologies --- smoke --- natural exhaust --- mechanical exhaust --- smoke curtain --- fire dynamics simulator --- drying --- heat and moisture transfer --- hygro-thermal behavior --- masonry walls --- wet wall --- in situ monitoring --- energy benchmarking --- university campus --- energy performance certificate --- CIBSE TM46 --- thermal energy efficiency --- dynamic model --- energy performance of buildings --- low temperature district heating --- indoor comfort --- renovation --- urban scale --- energy requalification --- building envelope --- sustainable development and planning --- standardized interventions of requalification --- Geographic Information System --- biometric data --- biosignals --- non-intrusive sensing --- physiological metrics --- environmental stimuli --- stress detection --- health --- comfort --- human thermal perception --- multi-domain interactions --- noise sensation --- cross-modal perception --- n/a --- building-integrated photovoltaics-BIPV

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Electrical power systems are evolving at the generation, transmission, and distribution levels. At distribution level, small generating and storage units—the so-called distributed energy sources (DERs)—are being installed close to consumption sites. The expansion of DERs is empowering renewable energy source integration and, as a consequence, new actors are appearing in electrical systems. Among them, the prosumer is a game-changer; the fruit of the behavior transformation of the consumer who has not only the ability to consume power but also to produce it. Microgrids can be understood as DER installations that have the capability of both grid-connected and grid-isolated operation. During the last decades, there has been a significant deployment of microgrids (e.g., in countries like the United States, Switzerland, and Denmark) and a consequent increase in renewable energy generation. This is contributing to the decarbonization of electrical power systems. However, the variability and intermittency of renewable sources introduce uncertainty, which implies a more complex operation and control. Taking into account that existing and future planned microgrids are being/going to be interconnected to the current electrical network, challenges in terms of design, operation, and control at power system level need to be addressed, considering existing regulations.

energy management system --- buck-boost converter --- generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) communication --- stochastic optimization --- optimal dispatch --- decision tree --- coordinated control --- optimization --- congestion problems --- distributed optimization --- IEC 61850 Standard --- distributed energy resources (DERs) --- technical and economic optimization --- reliability evaluation --- power quality disturbances --- renewable --- DC microgrid --- HESS --- ruleless EV --- extension theory --- network planning --- integrated electrical and thermal grids --- reliability --- photovoltaic feasibility --- flexibility --- microgrid test facility --- microgrid --- multiresolution --- small-scale standalone microgrid --- IEC 61850 --- direct search method (DSM) --- maximum electrical efficiency --- load frequency control (LFC) --- droop control --- flexible generation --- grid independence --- frequency control --- particle swarm optimization --- battery storage --- microgrid stability controller (MSC) --- doubly fed induction machine --- coordinative optimization of energy --- power distribution --- hierarchical control scheme --- grounding --- operation --- electric energy market --- nonlinear programming --- cost and life --- total sliding-mode control --- distributed energy resource --- vehicle information system --- peak-cut --- smoothing wind power --- genetic algorithm --- medium-voltage networks --- vehicle-to-grid --- devices scheduling --- microgrids --- energy storage --- electric vehicle --- energy efficiency --- active filter --- embedded system --- multivariable generalized predictive control (MGPC) --- load power sharing --- flywheel energy storage (FES) --- renewable sources --- telecommunication power management --- micro-grid --- smart inverter --- distributed generation --- storage systems --- electric vehicle (EV) --- microgrid (MG) --- mesh configuration --- residential users --- renewable energy source --- radial configuration --- S-transform --- optimal power flow --- solid oxide fuel cell --- vehicle-to-grid (V2G) --- communication delay --- current harmonic reduction --- smart grids --- inrush current --- flexible and configurable architecture --- optimal capacity --- ESS effective rate --- smart grid --- multi-agent --- distributed energy resources --- regular EV --- peak-shift --- datacenter --- deterministic optimization --- plug and play --- chaos synchronization detection --- residential power systems --- power quality --- combined power generation system --- DC distribution --- isolated grid --- coordinated control strategy --- DC architectures --- predictive control --- demand-side management --- distributed generation (DG) --- curtailment