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Rice farming --- Rice production in the world

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Using the Agricultural Census 2003 and the Rice Household Survey 2008 for Indonesia, this paper analyzes the distribution of benefits from fertilizer subsidies and their impact on rice production. The findings suggest that most farmers benefit from fertilizer subsidies; however, the 40 percent largest farmers capture up to 60 percent of the subsidy. The regressive nature of the fertilizer subsidies is in line with research carried out in other countries, the result of larger farms using a larger volume of fertilizer. This paper confirms that fertilizer used in adequate quantities has a positive and significant impact on rice yields, but it also provides evidence that over-using fertilizer has an adverse impact on yields (an inverted U-curve relationship).

Agricultural credit --- Agriculture --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Economic Theory & Research --- Fertilizer Subsidies --- Fertilizer system --- Fertilizers --- Poverty reduction --- Regional Economic Development --- Rice Household Survey --- Rice production --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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Bihar, India's poorest state, witnessed impressive yield growth in each of its three principal crops over 2005-17. This paper examines whether a convergence in district yields accompanied the improvement in yields at the state level, thereby reducing regional inequalities in land productivity. The convergence test allows the idiosyncratic element of productivity to be time-varying, thus allowing yields to diverge in some interim phases. Rice yields across districts appear to be converging to a common level, while maize yields have diverged over the same period. However, the sub-period analysis shows a trend of divergence for both crops going forward. In contrast, wheat yields seem to be converging to a common level recently, although the convergence for the entire period is weak. The analysis also identifies district clubs, which are converging to similar steady states. The club classification transcends agro-climatic boundaries, indicating a need for policy action to aid yield growth in lagging districts. Finally, there is no evidence that the divergence in yields was driven by a divergence in credit allocation, highlighting the limitations of a macro credit-driven policy. Credit supply might not be enough when there are structural snags in the availability of direct agricultural inputs.

Access to Finance --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Bihar District --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Crop Management --- Crop Yield --- Crops and Crop Management Systems --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Food Security --- Idiosyncratic Productivity --- Maize Production --- Productivity --- Rice Production --- Wheat Production

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March 2000 - How location, natural resources, and different policies toward the elite's preemption of unused land shaped the historical development of different agrarian structures across Southeast Asia, conditioning agricultural growth performance until today. According to Myint's vent-for-surplus theory, development of the economies of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand from the nineteenth century on took natural advantage of large tracts of unused empty land with low population density and abundant natural resources of the type typically found in Southeast Asia and Africa at the outset of Western colonization. When these economies were integrated into international trade, hitherto unused natural resources (primary commodities the indigenous people had not valued) became the source of economic development, commanding market value because of high import demand in Western economies. The major delta of Chao Phraya River was the resource base of vent-for-surplus development with rice in Thailand; tropical rain forests filled that role in Indonesia and the Philippines with respect to the production of tropical cash crops. This basic difference underlay differences in distribution of farm size: the unimodal distribution of peasants or family farms in Thailand and the coexistence of peasants and large estate farms or plantations specializing in tropical export crops in Indonesia and the Philippines. Differences in agrarian development were also shaped by different policies toward the elite's preemption of unused land. Under Spanish colonialism, the elite preempted unused land in the Philippines wholesale, bifurcating land distribution between noncultivating landlords and sharecroppers in lowland rice areas, and between plantation owners and wage laborers in upland areas. In Indonesia, the Dutch government granted long-term leases for uncultivated public land to foreign planters, but prevented alienation of cultivated land from native peasants, to avoid social instability. In Thailand, concessions were granted for private canal building, but the independent kingdom preserved the tradition of giving land to anyone who could open and cultivate it. Relatively homogeneous landowning peasants dominated Thailand's rural sector. As frontiers for new cultivation closed, the plantation system's initial advantage (large-scale development of land and infrastructure) began to be outweighed by its need to monitor hired labor. The peasant system, based on family labor needing no supervision, allowed Thailand's share of the world market in tropical cash crops to grow, as Indonesia and the Philippines lost their traditional comparative advantage. Moreover, land reform in the Philippines made land markets inactive, with resulting distortions in resource allocation and serious underinvestment in agriculture. This paper - a product of Rural Development, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to review rural development in Asian countries. The author may be contacted at hayami@sipeb.aoyama.ac.jp.

Agricultural Industry --- Agricultural Production --- Agricultural Trade --- Agriculture --- Cash Crops --- Common Property Resource Development --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Crop --- Crops and Crop Management Systems --- Cultivated Land --- Cultivation --- Ecological Zones --- Environment --- Export Crops --- Farm --- Farms --- Forestry --- Forests and Forestry --- Green Revolution --- Industry --- International Economics & Trade --- Land Distribution --- Land Use and Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural Resources --- Plantations --- Political Economy --- Poverty Reduction --- Produce --- Rice --- Rice Areas --- Rice Production --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction --- Shifting Cultivation --- Tropical Products --- Tropical Rain Forests

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The Anthropocene, the time of humans. Never has human influence on the functioning of the planet been greater or in more urgent need of mitigation. Climate change, the accelerated warming of the planet’s surface attributed to human activities, is now at the forefront of global politics. The agriculture sector not only contributes to climate change but also feels the severity of its effects, with the water, carbon and nitrogen cycles all subject to modification as a result. Crop production systems are each subject to different types of threat and levels of threat intensity. There is however significant potential to both adapt to and mitigate climate change within the agricultural sector and reduce these threats. Each solution must be implemented in a sustainable manner and tailored to individual regions and farming systems. This Special Issue evaluates a variety of potential climate change adaptation and mitigation techniques that account for this spatial variation, including modification to cropping systems, Climate-Smart Agriculture and the development and growth of novel crops and crop varieties.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- rice field --- mitigation techniques --- greenhouse gas emissions --- life cycle assessment --- farmer acceptance --- incentive measures --- income distribution --- cost distribution --- vulnerable region --- adaptation measures --- Bangladesh --- ENSO --- Southern Oscillation Index --- SOI --- El Niño --- La Niña --- soil water --- environment type --- climate adaptation --- management practices --- crop model --- APSIM --- CanESM2 --- HadCM3 --- precipitation --- temperature --- winter wheat yield --- radiative warming --- atmospheric phytoremediation --- N2O --- nitrous oxide reductase --- N2OR --- nosZ --- fertilizer --- crop breeding --- transgenic --- GHG --- extreme weather --- agriculture production --- return level --- extreme value theory --- weather --- risk --- climate change adaptation --- livelihoods --- geographic information --- agriculture --- resilience --- future crop yields --- climate change impacts --- CO2 fertilization --- corn --- rice --- soybeans --- climate-smart agriculture --- livelihood transformation --- Guatemala --- climate change --- climate change-induced impacts --- smallholder farmers --- drought-prone low lands --- rural Sidama --- southern Ethiopia --- chill accumulation --- peaches --- perennial crops --- Georgia --- South Carolina --- climate-departure --- crop–climate departure --- crop suitability --- Ecocrop --- food security --- West Africa --- crop-climate departure --- planting month --- CORDEX --- renewable energy technologies --- sustainability --- clean energy --- bioenergy --- biogas --- industrial hemp --- anaerobic digestion --- inland valley development --- hydroclimatic hazard --- water control structure --- sustainable rice production --- n/a --- El Niño --- La Niña