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In this bold and original study, Jeff Kochan constructively combines the sociology of sientific knowledge (SSK) with Martin Heidegger's early existential conception of science. Kochan shows convincingly that these apparently quite different approaches to science are, in fact, largely compatible, even mutually reinforcing. By combining Heidegger with SSK, Kochan argues, we can explicate, elaborate, and empirically ground Heidegger's philosophy of science in a way that makes it more accessible and useful for social scientists and historians of science. Likewise, incorporating Heideggerian phenomenology into SSK renders SKK a more robust and attractive methodology for use by scholars in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). Kochan's ground-breaking reinterpretation of Heidegger also enables STS scholars to sustain a principled analytical focus on scientific subjectivity, without running afoul of the orthodox subject-object distinction they often reject. Science as Social Existence is the first book of its kind, unfurling its argument through a range of topics relevant to contemporary STS research. These include the epistemology and metaphysics of scientific practice, as well as the methods of explanation appropriate to social scientific and historical studies of science. This volume puts concentrated emphasis on the compatibility of Heidegger's existential conception of science with the historical sociology of scientific knowledge, pursuing this combination at both macro- and micro-historical levels. Beautifully written and accessible, this book puts new and powerful tools into the hands of sociologists and historians of science, cultural theorists of science, Heidegger scholars, and pluralist philosophers of science.

History & Philosophy Of Science --- existential conception of science --- history of science --- philosophy of science --- science and technology studies --- social sciences --- sociology of scientific knowledge

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This paper presents the first critical review of literature on poverty published in Russia between 1992 and 2006. Using a dataset of about 250 publications in Russian scientific journals, the authors assess whether the poverty research in Russia satisfies the general criteria of a scientific publication and if such studies could provide reliable guidance to the Russian government as it maps out its anti-poverty policies. The findings indicate that only a small proportion of papers on poverty published in Russia in 1992-2006 follow the universally-recognized principles of the scientific method. The utility of policy advice based on such research is questionable. The authors also suggest steps that could, in their view, improve the quality of poverty research in Russia.

Education --- Information Security and Privacy --- Literature --- Papers --- Poverty Monitoring and Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Research findings --- Researchers --- Science and Technology Development --- Science Education --- Scientific journals --- Scientific knowledge --- Scientific papers --- Scientific research --- Scientific Research and Science Parks --- Scientists --- Social science --- Tertiary Education

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The discovery of the New World raised many questions for early modern scientists: What did these lands contain? Where did they lie in relation to Europe? Who lived there, and what were their inhabitants like? Imperial expansion necessitated changes in the way scientific knowledge was gathered, and Spanish cosmographers in particular were charged with turning their observations of the New World into a body of knowledge that could be used for governing the largest empire the world had ever known.As María M. Portuondo here shows, this cosmographic knowledge had considerable st

Cosmography --- Science --- Cosmology --- History. --- Historiography. --- America --- Spain --- Discovery and exploration --- Spanish. --- History --- Historiography --- discovery, exploration, expansion, new world, europe, scientific knowledge, empire, governance, administration, cosmography, epistemology, nature, history, philosophy, spain, renaissance, humanism, ptolemy, navigation, mathematical rationalism, tordesillas question, alonso de santa cruz, juan herrera, pilots, maps, cartography, lopez velasco, lunar eclipse, bautista gesio, patronage, nonfiction.

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This ambitious book by one of the most original and provocative thinkers in science studies offers a sophisticated new understanding of the nature of scientific, mathematical, and engineering practice and the production of scientific knowledge. Andrew Pickering offers a new approach to the unpredictable nature of change in science, taking into account the extraordinary number of factors-social, technological, conceptual, and natural-that interact to affect the creation of scientific knowledge. In his view, machines, instruments, facts, theories, conceptual and mathematical structures, disciplined practices, and human beings are in constantly shifting relationships with one another-"mangled" together in unforeseeable ways that are shaped by the contingencies of culture, time, and place. Situating material as well as human agency in their larger cultural context, Pickering uses case studies to show how this picture of the open, changeable nature of science advances a richer understanding of scientific work both past and present. Pickering examines in detail the building of the bubble chamber in particle physics, the search for the quark, the construction of the quarternion system in mathematics, and the introduction of computer-controlled machine tools in industry. He uses these examples to address the most basic elements of scientific practice-the development of experimental apparatus, the production of facts, the development of theory, and the interrelation of machines and social organization.

Science --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy. --- Social aspects. --- scientific knowledge, science, math, engineering, stem, technology, practice, production, machines, instruments, facts, theory, industry, machine tools, computer controlled, mathematics, quarternion system, quark, particle physics, bubble chamber, experimental apparatus, social organization, philosophy, ethics, experimentation, nonfiction, history.

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Laudan constructs a fresh approach to a longtime problem for the philosopher of science: how to explain the simultaneous and widespread presence of both agreement and disagreement in science. Laudan critiques the logical empiricists and the post-positivists as he stresses the need for centrality and values and the interdependence of values, methods, and facts as prerequisites to solving the problems of consensus and dissent in science.

Science --- Philosophy. --- cognitive values. --- consensus. --- covariance fallacy. --- decision making. --- dissent. --- empirical evidence. --- empiricism. --- ethics. --- goal evaluation. --- kuhn. --- logic. --- methodology. --- natural sciences. --- nonfiction. --- philosophy of science. --- philosophy. --- post positivism. --- realist axiology. --- research. --- reticulated model. --- science and technology. --- science. --- scientific change. --- scientific community. --- scientific debate. --- scientific knowledge. --- scientific method. --- scientific rationality. --- scientific revolutions.