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The interrelation among race, schooling, and labor market opportunities of American blacks can help us make sense of the relatively poor economic status of blacks in contemporary society. The role of these factors in slavery and the economic consequences for blacks has received much attention, but the post-slave experience of blacks in the American economy has been less studied. To deepen our understanding of that experience, Robert A. Margo mines a wealth of newly available census data and school district records. By analyzing evidence concerning occupational discrimination, educational expenditures, taxation, and teachers' salaries, he clarifies the costs for blacks of post-slave segregation. "A concise, lucid account of the bases of racial inequality in the South between Reconstruction and the Civil Rights era. . . . Deserves the careful attention of anyone concerned with historical and contemporary race stratification."-Kathryn M. Neckerman, Contemporary Sociology "Margo has produced an excellent study, which can serve as a model for aspiring cliometricians. To describe it as 'required reading' would fail to indicate just how important, indeed indispensable, the book will be to scholars interested in racial economic differences, past or present."-Robert Higgs, Journal of Economic Literature "Margo shows that history is important in understanding present domestic problems; his study has significant implications for understanding post-1950s black economic development."-Joe M. Richardson, Journal of American History

Discrimination in education --- Economic development --- Education --- Segregation in education --- History. --- Effect of education on. --- Economic aspects --- race, racism, education, america south, history, jim crow, reconstruction, segregation, economics, labor market, employment, poverty, inequality, slavery, occupational discrimination, taxation, teachers, salaries, civil rights, stratification, classroom, separate but equal, exclusion, black exodus, social justice, nonfiction, politics, political science.

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Paul Bontemps decided to move his family to Los Angeles from Louisiana in 1906 on the day he finally submitted to a strictly enforced Southern custom-he stepped off the sidewalk to allow white men who had just insulted him to pass by. Friends of the Bontemps family, like many others beckoning their loved ones West, had written that Los Angeles was "a city called heaven" for people of color. But just how free was Southern California for African Americans? This splendid history, at once sweeping in its historical reach and intimate in its evocation of everyday life, is the first full account of Los Angeles's black community in the half century before World War II. Filled with moving human drama, it brings alive a time and place largely ignored by historians until now, detailing African American community life and political activism during the city's transformation from small town to sprawling metropolis. Writing with a novelist's sensitivity to language and drawing from fresh historical research, Douglas Flamming takes us from Reconstruction to the Jim Crow era, through the Great Migration, the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and the build-up to World War II. Along the way, he offers rich descriptions of the community and its middle-class leadership, the women who were front and center with men in the battle against racism in the American West. In addition to drawing a vivid portrait of a little-known era, Flamming shows that the history of race in Los Angeles is crucial for our understanding of race in America. The civil rights activism in Los Angeles laid the foundation for critical developments in the second half of the century that continue to influence us to this day.

Civil rights movements --- Community life --- African Americans --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Human ecology --- Civil liberation movements --- Liberation movements (Civil rights) --- Protest movements (Civil rights) --- Human rights movements --- History --- Civil rights --- History. --- Los Angeles (Calif.) --- Race relations. --- Black people --- 20th century african american history. --- 20th century american history. --- african americans. --- american west. --- biographical. --- black americans. --- black community. --- civil rights activism. --- critical development. --- great depression. --- great migration. --- jim crow america. --- jim crow laws. --- jim crow. --- la. --- leadership. --- los angeles. --- louisiana. --- political activism. --- race in america. --- racial segregation. --- racism in america. --- roaring twenties. --- second world war. --- separate but equal. --- southern california. --- southern customs. --- united states of america.