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Enlightenment critics from Dryden through Johnson and Wordsworth conceived the modern view that art and especially literature entails a double reflection: a reflection of the world, and a reflection on the process by which that reflection is accomplished. Instead "neoclassicism" and "Augustanism" have been falsely construed as involving a one-dimensional imitation of classical texts and an unselfconscious representation of the world. In fact these Enlightenment movements adopted an oblique perspective that registers the distance between past tradition and its present reenactment, between representation and presence. Two modern movements, Romanticism and modernism, have appropriated as their own these innovations, which derive from Enlightenment thought. Both of these movements ground their error in a misreading of "imitation" as understood by Aristotle and his Enlightenment proponents. Rightly understood, neoclassical imitation, constitutively aware of the difference between what it knows and how it knows it, is an experimental inquiry that generates a range of prefixes--"counter-," "mock-," "anti-," "neo-"--that mark formal degrees of its epistemological detachment. Romantic ideology has denied the role of the imagination in Enlightenment imitation, imposing on the eighteenth century a dichotomous periodization: duplication versus imagination, the mirror versus the lamp. Structuralist ideology has dichotomized narration and description, form and content, structure and history. Poststructuralist ideology has propounded for the novel a contradictory "novel tradition"--realism, modernism, postmodernism, postcolonialism--whose stages both constitute a sequence and collapse it, each stage claiming the innovation of the stage that precedes it. Published by Bucknell University Press. Distributed worldwide by Rutgers University Press.

Enlightenment --- Great Britain --- Civilization --- Intellectual life --- Dialectics, Parody, Virtual reality, Secularization, Periodization, The public sphere, The aesthetic, Sex and gender, Separate spheres, Homosexuality, Class consciousness, Science, Art, Enlightenment, Enlightenment thought, British Enlightenment, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Poetry, John Dryden, John Milton, Genre, The Novel, Civil society, Print culture, Realism, Domestication, Imitation, Conjectural history, Commodity fetishism.

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Turning on its head that familiar "woman question," this innovative work poses masculinity as a problem that requires explanation. Ferguson rebukes the sense of coherence contained in patriarchal theory in the name of a voice that both calls upon and challenges the category woman. Stepping back from the opposition of male and female, she artfully loosens the hold of gender on life and meaning, creating and at the same time deconstructing a women's point of view. Posing the "man question" provides a way not only to view male power and female subordination but also to valorize and problematize women's experiences, thus destabilizing conventional notions of man and woman.

Feminist theory. --- Feminist criticism. --- appropriation. --- coalition politics. --- conventional norms. --- cosmic feminism. --- cultural norms. --- cultural studies. --- essentialism. --- female subordination. --- feminism. --- feminist theory. --- gender categories. --- gender studies. --- gender. --- genealogy. --- hegel. --- hegelian subject. --- innovative. --- irony. --- kitsch. --- linguistic feminism. --- male and female. --- male power. --- masculinity studies. --- masculinity. --- men and women. --- mobile subjectivity. --- ontology. --- patriarchal theory. --- political history. --- praxis feminism. --- sex and gender. --- subjectivity. --- the women question.

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The Enlightenment has been blamed for some of the most deadly developments of modern life: racism and white supremacy, imperialist oppression, capitalist exploitation, neoliberal economics, scientific positivism, totalitarian rule. These developments are thought to have grown from principles that are rooted in the soil of the Enlightenment: abstraction, reduction, objectification, quantification, division, universalization. Michael McKeon's new book corrects this defective view by historicizing the Enlightenment--by showing that the Enlightenment has been abstracted from its history. From its past: critics have ignored that Enlightenment thought is a reaction against deadly traditions that precede it. From its present: the Enlightenment extended its reactive analysis of the past to its own present through self-analysis and self-criticism. From its future: much of what's been blamed amounts to the failure of its posterity to sustain Enlightenment principles. To historicize the Enlightenment requires that we conjure what it was like to live through the emergence of concepts and practices that are now commonplace-society, privacy, the public, the market, experiment, secularity, representative democracy, human rights, social class, sex and gender, fiction, the aesthetic attitude. McKeon's book argues the continuity of Enlightenment thought, its consistency and integrity across this broad range of conceptual domains. It also shows how the Enlightenment has shaped our views of both tradition and modernity, and the revisionary work that needs to be done in order to understand our place in the future. In the process, Historicizing the Enlightenment exemplifies a distinctive historiography and historical method. Published by Bucknell University Press. Distributed worldwide by Rutgers University Press.

Enlightenment --- Great Britain --- Civilization --- Intellectual life --- Dialectics, Parody, Virtual reality, Secularization, Periodization, The public sphere, The aesthetic, Sex and gender, Separate spheres, Homosexuality, Class consciousness, Class, Biography, Fiction, Identity, Historicizing, Historical Method, Civil liberty, Religious liberty, Tradition, Knowledge, Enlightenment, Enlightenment thought, British Enlightenment, Reason, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Marxism, Max Horkheimer, Theodore Adorno, Michel Foucault, Francis Bacon, Jürgen Habermas, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Civil society, Print culture, Realism, Domestication, Imitation, Conjectural history, Commodity fetishism.

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During the French Revolution, hundreds of domestic and working-class women of Paris were interrogated, examined, accused, denounced, arrested, and imprisoned for their rebellious and often hostile behavior. Here, for the first time in English translation, Dominique Godineau offers an illuminating account of these female revolutionaries. As nurturing and tender as they are belligerent and contentious, these are not singular female heroines but the collective common women who struggled for bare subsistence by working in factories, in shops, on the streets, and on the home front while still finding time to participate in national assemblies, activist gatherings, and public demonstrations in their fight for the recognition of women as citizens within a burgeoning democracy. Relying on exhaustive research in historical archives, police accounts, and demographic resources at specific moments of the Revolutionary period, Godineau describes the private and public lives of these women within their precise political, social, historical, and gender-specific contexts. Her insightful and engaging observations shed new light on the importance of women as instigators, activists, militants, and decisive revolutionary individuals in the crafting and rechartering of their political and social roles as female citizens within the New Republic.

Women in public life --- Women --- Working class women --- History --- Social conditions. --- History --- Paris (France) --- History --- Women. --- activism. --- activists. --- citizenship. --- democracy. --- domestic women. --- equal rights. --- family relations. --- female revolutionaries. --- female sansculottes movement. --- feminism. --- france. --- french revolution. --- gender studies. --- gender theory. --- government. --- hostile behavior. --- labor. --- militant women. --- national assembly. --- new republic. --- paris. --- police accounts. --- political culture. --- politics. --- public demonstration. --- revolution. --- revolutionary. --- sex and gender. --- sexual difference. --- translated text. --- women at work. --- work. --- working class women.

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This pioneering collection of ten ethnographically rich essays signals the emergence of a new paradigm of social analysis committed to understanding and analyzing social oppression in the context of sexuality and gender. The contributors, an interdisciplinary group of social scientists representing anthropology, sociology, public health, and psychology, illuminate the role of sexuality in producing and reproducing inequality, difference, and structural violence among a range of populations in various geographic, historical, and cultural arenas. In particular, the essays consider racial minorities including Hispanics, Koreans, and African Americans; discuss disabled people; examine issues including substance abuse, sexual coercion, and HIV/AIDS; and delve into other topics including religion and politics. Rather than emphasizing sexuality as an individual trait, the essays view it as a social phenomenon, focusing in particular on cultural meaning and real-world processes of inequality such as racism and homophobia. The authors address the complex and challenging question of how the research under discussion here can make a real contribution to the struggle for social justice.

Sex. --- Equality. --- Social justice. --- Social action. --- Ethnicity. --- Sexualité --- Egalité (Sociologie) --- Justice sociale --- Action sociale --- Ethnicité --- Gender. --- Gender (Sex) --- Human beings --- Human sexuality --- Sex (Gender) --- Sexual behavior --- Sexual practices --- Sexuality --- Sexology --- Equality --- Justice --- Ethnic identity --- Group identity --- Cultural fusion --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural pluralism --- Social policy --- Social problems --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- african americans. --- anthropology. --- cultural history. --- essay collection. --- ethnographers. --- ethnographic studies. --- gender studies. --- hispanic experience. --- historical perspective. --- hiv aids. --- interdisciplinary perspective. --- koreans. --- nonfiction essays. --- psychology. --- public health. --- racial minorities. --- sex and gender. --- sexual coercion. --- sexual health. --- sexual inequality. --- sexuality. --- social analysis. --- social justice. --- social oppression. --- social science. --- social scientists. --- sociology. --- structural violence. --- substance abuse.