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How modern philosophers use and perpetuate myths about prehistory.

The state of nature, the origin of property, the origin of government, the primordial nature of inequality and war - why do political philosophers talk so much about the Stone Age? And are they talking about a Stone Age that really happened, or is it just a convenient thought experiment to illustrate their points?

Karl Widerquist and Grant S. McCall take a philosophical look at the origin of civilisation, examining political theories to show how claims about prehistory are used. Drawing on the best available evidence from archaeology and anthropology, they show that much of what we think we know about human origins comes from philosophers' imagination, not scientific investigation.

• Shows how modern political theories employ ambiguous factual claims about prehistory
• Brings archaeological and anthropological evidence to bear on those claims
• Tells the story of human origins in a way that reveals many commonly held misconceptions

Political science --- History, Ancient --- History --- Philosophy. --- Errors, inventions, etc. --- Political philosophy --- Common fallacies --- Literary forgeries and mystifications --- Imaginary histories --- Ancient history --- Ancient world history --- World history --- Science politique --- Histoire ancienne --- Histoire --- Philosophie --- Erreurs, inventions, etc. --- Political Science --- State of nature --- property rights --- appropriation --- social contract theory --- state authority --- inequality --- equality --- origin of government --- Anthropology --- Hunter-gatherer --- John Locke --- Stateless society --- Thomas Hobbes

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The Emancipation of Writing is the first study of writing in its connection to bureaucracy, citizenship, and the state in Germany. Stitching together micro- and macro-level analysis, it reconstructs the vibrant, textually saturated civic culture of the German southwest in the aftermath of the French Revolution and Napoleon's invasions. Ian F. McNeely reveals that Germany's notoriously oppressive bureaucracy, when viewed through the writing practices that were its lifeblood, could also function as a site of citizenship. Citizens, acting under the mediation of powerful local scribes, practiced their freedoms in written engagements with the state. Their communications laid the basis for civil society, showing how social networks commonly associated with the free market, the free press, and the voluntary association could also take root in powerful state institutions.

Bureaucracy --- Written communication --- Civil society --- Social contract --- Written discourse --- Written language --- Communication --- Discourse analysis --- Language and languages --- Visual communication --- Interorganizational relations --- Political science --- Public administration --- Organizational sociology --- History. --- black forest. --- bureaucracy. --- citizenship. --- civic culture. --- civil society. --- duchy of wurttemberg. --- europe. --- foucault. --- free market. --- free press. --- french revolution. --- german history. --- german identity. --- german southwest. --- germany. --- government. --- habermas. --- history. --- identity. --- intelligenzblatt. --- invasion. --- military. --- modes of power. --- napoleon. --- nation. --- nonfiction. --- occupation. --- resistance. --- schorndorf. --- schreiber. --- scribes. --- social networks. --- state authority. --- state power. --- war. --- welzheim. --- writing practices. --- writing. --- wurttemberg.

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The Emancipation of Europe's Muslims traces how governments across Western Europe have responded to the growing presence of Muslim immigrants in their countries over the past fifty years. Drawing on hundreds of in-depth interviews with government officials and religious leaders in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Morocco, and Turkey, Jonathan Laurence challenges the widespread notion that Europe's Muslim minorities represent a threat to liberal democracy. He documents how European governments in the 1970's and 1980's excluded Islam from domestic institutions, instead inviting foreign powers like Saudi Arabia, Algeria, and Turkey to oversee the practice of Islam among immigrants in European host societies. But since the 1990's, amid rising integration problems and fears about terrorism, governments have aggressively stepped up efforts to reach out to their Muslim communities and incorporate them into the institutional, political, and cultural fabrics of European democracy. The Emancipation of Europe's Muslims places these efforts--particularly the government-led creation of Islamic councils--within a broader theoretical context and gleans insights from government interactions with groups such as trade unions and Jewish communities at previous critical junctures in European state-building. By examining how state-mosque relations in Europe are linked to the ongoing struggle for religious and political authority in the Muslim-majority world, Laurence sheds light on the geopolitical implications of a religious minority's transition from outsiders to citizens. This book offers a much-needed reassessment that foresees the continuing integration of Muslims into European civil society and politics in the coming decades.

Islam --- Sociology of minorities --- Europe --- Muslims --- Islam and state --- Musulmans --- Islam et Etat --- Government policy --- Cultural assimilation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Politique gouvernementale --- Acculturation --- Droit --- #SBIB:39A6 --- #SBIB:316.331H421 --- Etniciteit / Migratiebeleid en -problemen --- Morfologie van de godsdiensten: Islam --- Social integration --- Religious aspects --- Islam. --- Inclusion, Social --- Integration, Social --- Social inclusion --- Mohammedans --- Moors (People) --- Moslems --- Muhammadans --- Musalmans --- Mussalmans --- Mussulmans --- Mussulmen --- Religious adherents --- Mosque and state --- State and Islam --- State, The --- Ummah (Islam) --- Sociology --- Belonging (Social psychology) --- Legal status, laws, etc --- Embassy Islam. --- European Islam. --- European democracy. --- European governments. --- European policy approaches. --- European politics. --- Islam Councils. --- Islamist subculture. --- Islamist terrorism. --- Muslim communities. --- Muslim immigrants. --- Muslim integration. --- Muslim minorities. --- Muslim religious associations. --- Muslim religious life. --- Muslims. --- Political Islam. --- Political-Islam activism. --- Political-Islam federations. --- Western Europe. --- civil society organizations. --- demographic trends. --- domestic orientation. --- emancipation. --- foreign government representatives. --- host countries. --- incorporation outcomes. --- institutional integration. --- institutionalization. --- integration problems. --- interior ministries. --- liberal democracy. --- migrant populations. --- nation building. --- national councils. --- new citizen groups. --- oil. --- organizational structures. --- outsourcing. --- political authority. --- political integration. --- politics. --- pre-electoral political behavior. --- religion. --- religious authority. --- religious communities. --- religious community life. --- religious organizations. --- religious representation. --- return-oriented policies. --- social integration. --- state authority. --- state-building challenges. --- stateЭosque relations. --- temporary migration. --- terrorism. --- trade relationships. --- transnational religious NGOs. --- western democracies. --- Muslims - Government policy - Europe --- Muslims - Cultural assimilation - Europe --- Islam and state - Europe --- Muslims - Legal status, laws, etc. - Europe --- Islam - Europe