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This reprint, which was edited by Prof. Dr. Nazar R. Ikhsanov, Prof. Dr. Galina L. Klimchitskaya, and Prof. Dr. Vladimir M. Mostepanenko, contains research and review articles published in a Special Issue of the journal Universe in memory of outstanding astrophysicist Prof. Dr. Yuri N. Gnedin, who organized and led the Department of Astrophysics at the famous Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences for several decades. In these articles, the reader will find new and intriguing ideas in several topical problems of astrophysics as well as comprehensive and readily accessible sketches of a few recently performed investigations.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- accretion disks --- magnetic fields --- polarization --- active galactic nuclei --- supermassive black holes --- dark matter axions --- non-Newtonian gravity --- measurements of the Casimir force --- hypothetical particles --- neutron stars --- radiation transfer --- dark energy --- dark matter --- Hubble constant --- numerical simulation --- magnetic hydrodynamics (MHD) --- hot Jupiters --- magnetic field --- chemically peculiar stars --- observation --- Herbig Ae/Be stars --- disk accretion --- magnetosphere --- individual: HD 10141 --- HD 259431 --- HD 104237 --- HD 37806 --- close binaries --- black holes --- evolution of binary stars --- fast blue optical transients --- non-thermal particle acceleration --- particle-in-cell plasma modeling --- high energy cosmic rays --- brown dwarf --- X-ray emission --- microwave radiation --- magnetic loops --- particle acceleration --- magnetars stars --- X-rays and stars --- star atmospheres --- plasmas --- scattering --- radiative transfer --- protoplanetary disk --- scattered radiation --- linear polarization --- UX Ori stars --- RW Aur --- n/a

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Emitting no radiation or any other kind of information, black holes mark the edge of the universe--both physically and in our scientific understanding. Yet astronomers have found clear evidence for the existence of black holes, employing the same tools and techniques used to explore other celestial objects. In this sophisticated introduction, leading astronomer Charles Bailyn goes behind the theory and physics of black holes to describe how astronomers are observing these enigmatic objects and developing a remarkably detailed picture of what they look like and how they interact with their surroundings. Accessible to undergraduates and others with some knowledge of introductory college-level physics, this book presents the techniques used to identify and measure the mass and spin of celestial black holes. These key measurements demonstrate the existence of two kinds of black holes, those with masses a few times that of a typical star, and those with masses comparable to whole galaxies--supermassive black holes. The book provides a detailed account of the nature, formation, and growth of both kinds of black holes. The book also describes the possibility of observing theoretically predicted phenomena such as gravitational waves, wormholes, and Hawking radiation. A cutting-edge introduction to a subject that was once on the border between physics and science fiction, this book shows how black holes are becoming routine objects of empirical scientific study.

Black holes (Astronomy) --- Astrophysics. --- Bondi-Hoyle accretion. --- Hawking radiation. --- John Archibald Wheeler. --- Kerr black hole. --- Schwarzschild black hole. --- X-ray astronomy. --- X-ray detectors. --- X-ray sources. --- accretion disk. --- accretion disks. --- accretion energy. --- accretion flows. --- accretion. --- accretor mass. --- active galactic nuclei. --- astronomical literature. --- astronomical objects. --- astronomy. --- binary star system. --- black hole evolution. --- black hole formation. --- black holes. --- celestial sources. --- collimated emission beams. --- event horizon. --- event horizons. --- galaxy. --- gas flow geometry. --- general relativity. --- gravitational physics. --- gravitational potential energy. --- gravitational radiation. --- gravitational waves. --- infalling material. --- innermost stable circular orbit. --- intermediate-mass black holes. --- jets. --- kinetic energy. --- light travel. --- luminosity. --- mass infall rate. --- merging black holes. --- multiverses. --- nonspinning black hole. --- observational astrophysics. --- optical stars. --- outflows. --- quantum mechanics. --- quasars. --- quasi-stellar objects. --- radiation. --- relativity. --- scientific study. --- singularities. --- spinning black hole. --- star. --- stellar evolution. --- stellar-mass black holes. --- supermassive black holes. --- supernova explosions. --- supernovae. --- theoretical physics. --- wormholes.

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This book provides a comprehensive, self-contained introduction to one of the most exciting frontiers in astrophysics today: the quest to understand how the oldest and most distant galaxies in our universe first formed. Until now, most research on this question has been theoretical, but the next few years will bring about a new generation of large telescopes that promise to supply a flood of data about the infant universe during its first billion years after the big bang. This book bridges the gap between theory and observation. It is an invaluable reference for students and researchers on early galaxies. The First Galaxies in the Universe starts from basic physical principles before moving on to more advanced material. Topics include the gravitational growth of structure, the intergalactic medium, the formation and evolution of the first stars and black holes, feedback and galaxy evolution, reionization, 21-cm cosmology, and more. Provides a comprehensive introduction to this exciting frontier in astrophysics Begins from first principles Covers advanced topics such as the first stars and 21-cm cosmology Prepares students for research using the next generation of large telescopes Discusses many open questions to be explored in the coming decade

Cosmology. --- Galaxies --- Stars --- Formation. --- 21-cm cosmology. --- 21-cm line. --- AGN. --- Big Bang. --- Hubble Space Telescope. --- IGM properties. --- IGM. --- James Webb Space Telescope. --- Lyman-α emissions. --- Lyman-α line. --- Lyman-α photons. --- Milky Way. --- Universe. --- active galactic nuclei. --- analytic models. --- astrophysical objects. --- astrophysical processes. --- astrophysics. --- black holes. --- chemical processes. --- cluster formation. --- computational methods. --- cosmic dawn. --- cosmic evolution. --- cosmic history. --- cosmic microwave background. --- cosmological perturbations. --- cosmological phase transition. --- cosmology. --- dark ages. --- dark matter. --- density evolution. --- disk formation. --- dwarf galaxies. --- earliest gaseous clouds. --- early galaxies. --- early stars. --- feedback effects. --- feedback processes. --- first dwarf galaxies. --- first galaxies. --- first stars. --- fossil records. --- fossil structure. --- fundamental cosmology. --- galactic emission lines. --- galactic superwinds. --- galaxies. --- galaxy evolution. --- galaxy formation. --- gravitational collapse. --- gravitational growth. --- halo formation. --- halo mergers. --- helium. --- high-redshift galaxies. --- high-z Universe. --- hydrogen reionization. --- hydrogen. --- hyperfine line. --- intergalactic hydrogen. --- intergalactic medium. --- ionization structures. --- linear growth. --- luminosity. --- luminous material. --- massive stars. --- mechanical feedback. --- nonlinear evolution. --- nonlinear structure. --- numerical simulations. --- observational probes. --- perturbations. --- photoheating. --- positive feedback. --- primordial gas. --- protostars. --- quasars. --- radiative feedback. --- radiative processes. --- reionization. --- secondary anisotropies. --- semianalytic models. --- small density fluctuations. --- spin-flip background. --- spin-flip fluctuations. --- spin-flip transition. --- standard cosmological model. --- star formation. --- star-forming galaxies. --- statistical fluctuations. --- stellar feedback. --- stellar ionizing photons. --- stellar mass functions. --- stellar-mass black holes. --- structure. --- supermassive black holes.