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The Search for Wellbeing and Health between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period compiles a series of works on cosmetics and health care, covering different geographical areas of Europe. The studies also focus on different cultures, with some chapters dedicated to the Hebrew sphere, others to the Muslim world, and a larger percentage dealing with Christian society.
The contributions make use of some very important written sources: recipe books and treatises on medicine and cosmetics, especially those preserved from the Late Middle Ages (13th-15th centuries) onwards. These manuscripts reveal the raw materials used to make certain products, whose origin could be vegetable, animal or mineral. Many were used to combat various ailments, but also to take care of the body aesthetically. Thus, there are remedies to heal the eyes; to avoid problems with the teeth and to make them shine white; creams and soaps for the skin; hair dyes to avoid grey hair; lotions to combat baldness; and even diverse gastronomic recipes to obtain inner wellbeing.
Other contributions take a more practical perspective. Studies are included in which some of the ingredients and products are explored through experimental archaeology (chemical analysis) and faunal remains obtained from archaeological campaigns are analysed in the laboratory, showing the Christian diet.
Overall the book demonstrates the importance of healthcare and cosmetics in past societies that had very significant technical knowledge of a multitude of completely natural and sustainable products.

History / Europe / Medieval --- Health --- Medicine --- Experimental Archaeology --- Cosmetics --- Technical Knowledge --- Body Care --- Recipe books

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Byron K. Marshall offers here a dramatic study of the changing nature and limits of academic freedom in prewar Japan, from the Meiji Restoration to the eve of World War II.Meiji leaders founded Tokyo Imperial University in the late nineteenth century to provide their new government with necessary technical and theoretical knowledge. An academic elite, armed with Western learning, gradually emerged and wielded significant influence throughout the state. When some faculty members criticized the conduct of the Russo-Japanese War the government threatened dismissals. The faculty and administration banded together, forcing the government to back down. By 1939, however, this solidarity had eroded. The conventional explanation for this erosion has been the lack of a tradition of autonomy among prewar Japanese universities. Marshall argues instead that these later purges resulted from the university's 40-year fixation on institutional autonomy at the expense of academic freedom.Marshall's finely nuanced analysis is complemented by extensive use of quantitative, biographical, and archival sources.

Academic freedom --- Universities and colleges --- Education --- Social Sciences --- Education, Special Topics --- Colleges --- Degree-granting institutions --- Higher education institutions --- Higher education providers --- Institutions of higher education --- Postsecondary institutions --- Public institutions --- Schools --- Education, Higher --- Educational freedom --- Freedom, Academic --- Freedom of information --- Liberty --- Intellectual freedom --- History. --- History --- 1939. --- academic elite. --- academic freedom. --- faculty members. --- government threats. --- institutional autonomy. --- japanese universities. --- japanese. --- lack of tradition. --- late 19th century. --- meiji restoration. --- new government. --- prewar japan. --- russo japanese war. --- technical knowledge. --- theoretical knowledge. --- tokyo imperial university. --- tokyo. --- western learning. --- world war 2.