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Melanoma is a very aggressive tumor which is derived from the transformation of pigment-producing cells termed the melanocytes. This cancer type accounts for most of the deaths associated with skin cancer as well as its incidence and is in constant evolution. Because of the rapid and very high metastatic potential of this tumor, melanoma prognosis has been quite poor for a long time. In the past decade, groundbreaking discoveries in the melanoma research field have led to the development of two main treatment strategies: combination therapies targeting specific kinases or combination therapies focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). These treatment approaches have become the standard of care in most cancer centers and significantly improved the prognosis and overall survival of advanced melanoma patients. Nevertheless, many patients do not benefit from or even respond to these treatments. It is therefore essential to better comprehend the phenomenon of drug resistance, immune escape mechanisms, as well as to search for alternative treatment strategies. In addition, strong predictive biomarkers are desperately needed to improve clinical efficacy. The aim of this Special Issue is to present recent advances in the field of melanoma research, in which the abovementioned areas represent the primary focus, and other relevant themes are also discussed.

Public health & preventive medicine --- melanoma --- targeted therapies --- BRAF --- druggable mutations --- real-time PCR --- NGS assay --- immune escape --- microRNA --- transporter associated with antigen processing --- incidence --- population-based study --- epidemiology --- Spain --- skin cancer --- single-cell transcriptome sequencing --- treatment response --- pseudotime analysis --- treatment --- ubiquitination --- miRNAs --- embryogenesis --- melanoblasts --- melanoblast --- NF1 --- transcriptome --- RNAseq --- Trp-1 --- metastasis --- animal models --- lung --- mice

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Melanoma is a very aggressive tumor which is derived from the transformation of pigment-producing cells termed the melanocytes. This cancer type accounts for most of the deaths associated with skin cancer as well as its incidence and is in constant evolution. Because of the rapid and very high metastatic potential of this tumor, melanoma prognosis has been quite poor for a long time. In the past decade, groundbreaking discoveries in the melanoma research field have led to the development of two main treatment strategies: combination therapies targeting specific kinases or combination therapies focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). These treatment approaches have become the standard of care in most cancer centers and significantly improved the prognosis and overall survival of advanced melanoma patients. Nevertheless, many patients do not benefit from or even respond to these treatments. It is therefore essential to better comprehend the phenomenon of drug resistance, immune escape mechanisms, as well as to search for alternative treatment strategies. In addition, strong predictive biomarkers are desperately needed to improve clinical efficacy. The aim of this Special Issue is to present recent advances in the field of melanoma research, in which the abovementioned areas represent the primary focus, and other relevant themes are also discussed.

melanoma --- targeted therapies --- BRAF --- druggable mutations --- real-time PCR --- NGS assay --- immune escape --- microRNA --- transporter associated with antigen processing --- incidence --- population-based study --- epidemiology --- Spain --- skin cancer --- single-cell transcriptome sequencing --- treatment response --- pseudotime analysis --- treatment --- ubiquitination --- miRNAs --- embryogenesis --- melanoblasts --- melanoblast --- NF1 --- transcriptome --- RNAseq --- Trp-1 --- metastasis --- animal models --- lung --- mice

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In this book, we have reported the most recent discoveries and updates regarding molecular pathways in osteoarthritis. In particular, the advances regarding therapeutical options, from a molecular point of view, are largely discussed.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- osteoarthritis --- cartilage --- type II collagen --- matrix metalloproteinases --- MMP-13 --- regulation --- inhibitor --- NO synthase --- Interleukin-1β --- chondrocytes --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- mesenchimal stem cells --- chondrocytic commitment --- autophagy --- miRNAs --- hydrostatic pressure --- adipokines --- visfatin --- Wnt/β-catenin --- mechanical loading --- obesity --- microRNA --- oxidative stress --- vibrational spectroscopy --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- infrared spectroscopy --- Raman spectroscopy --- early diagnosis --- exercise --- physical activity --- nutraceuticals --- dietary supplements --- inflammation --- aging --- inflammaging --- osteochondral explant culture --- joint modelling --- pharmacological assay --- native tissue analysis --- hexosamine biosynthetic pathway --- cartilage trauma --- post-traumatic osteoarthritis --- O-GlcNAcylation --- glucosamine --- cell death --- therapy --- sex as a biological variable --- whole transcriptome sequencing --- molecules --- TGF-β --- SMAD2/3 signaling --- linker modifications --- meniscus --- proteomics --- MRM --- ECM --- celecoxib --- glucosamine sulfate --- chondroprotection --- NF-κB --- cytokines --- chemokines --- pathogenesis --- biomarker --- chondrocyte --- IL-1β --- IFNγ, IL-17 --- IL-4 --- RNA-Seq --- hypertrophy --- remodeling --- angiogenesis --- chondroitin --- collagen --- methylsulfonylmethane --- vitamin C --- vitamin D --- hyaluronic acid

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This Special Issue Book, “Marine Bioactive Peptides: Structure, Function, andTherapeutic Potential"" includes up-to-date information regarding bioactivepeptides isolated from marine organisms. Marine peptides have been found invarious phyla, and their numbers have grown in recent years. These peptidesare diverse in structure and possess broad-spectrum activities that have greatpotential for medical applications. Various marine peptides are evolutionaryancient molecular factors of innate immunity that play a key role in host defense.A plethora of biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral,anticancer, anticoagulant, endotoxin-binding, immune-modulating, etc., makemarine peptides an attractive molecular basis for drug design. This Special IssueBook presents new results in the isolation, structural elucidation, functionalcharacterization, and therapeutic potential evaluation of peptides found inmarine organisms. Chemical synthesis and biotechnological production of marinepeptides and their mimetics is also a focus of this Special Issue Book.

cone snail --- tilapia --- n/a --- animal models --- BRICHOS domain --- recombinant peptide --- calcium absorption --- plastein reaction --- antioxidant activity --- endothelial dysfunction --- C3a --- lung cancer --- invertebrate immunity --- identification --- zinc bioavailability --- NA-inhibitory peptide --- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- review --- ACE-inhibitory activity --- intestinal absorption --- hairtail (Trichiurus japonicas) --- DU-145 cells --- peptide --- crustacean --- venom duct --- Kalloconus --- drug design --- molecular symmetry --- arenicin --- ?-helix --- APETx2 --- conotoxins --- functional diversity --- docking --- conotoxin --- neuraminidase --- angiotensin II --- polychaeta --- influenza virus --- phylogeny --- gene expression --- host defense peptide --- Perinereis aibuhitensis --- anti-diabetic activity --- conopeptides --- SHRs --- Chlorella pyrenoidosa protein hydrolysate (CPPH) --- metastasis --- Caco-2 cell monolayer --- Nrf2 --- caco-2 cells --- HUVEC --- PYP15 --- sea cucumber --- decapeptide --- cytotoxic --- arenicin-1 --- marine peptides --- cell proliferation --- Conus --- Conus ateralbus --- self-production of hydrogen peroxide --- antimicrobial activity --- molecular dynamics --- machine learning --- tachyplesins --- ion channels --- gut microbiota --- Anthopleura anjunae oligopeptide --- signaling pathways --- half-fin anchovy hydrolysates --- NF-?B --- Chlorella pyrenoidosa protein hydrolysate-calcium chelate (CPPH-Ca) --- antihypertensive effect --- QAGLSPVR --- antimicrobial peptides --- vasculogenic mimicry --- antibacterial --- ?-hairpin --- innate immunity --- transcriptome sequencing --- HIF-1? --- Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis --- function --- ACE-inhibitory peptide --- complement --- peptide-zinc complex --- structure-activity relationship --- multi-functional peptides --- cod skin --- adsorption --- Maillard reaction products --- molecular docking --- antibacterial peptide --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway --- Arenicola marina --- structure–activity relationship --- antimicrobial peptide --- Rana-box --- acid-sensing ion channel --- Neptunea arthritica cumingii --- apoptosis --- membrane damage --- proteolytic system --- toxin --- polyphemusins --- computational studies --- muscle --- oyster zinc-binding peptide --- abalone --- pain relief --- transport routes --- cytotoxicity --- dexamethasone --- cell death --- host?microbe relationship --- anti-LPS factor --- MMPs --- protein synthesis --- structure --- Pyropia yezoensis peptide --- cone snails --- chemical synthesis --- prostate cancer --- Ugr 9-1 --- myotube atrophy

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Aquaculture is an important economic activity for food production all around the world that has experienced an exponential growth during the last few decades. However, several weaknesses and bottlenecks still need to be addressed in order to improve the aquaculture productive system. The recent fast development of the omics technologies has provided scientists with meaningful tools to elucidate the molecular basis of their research interests. This reprint compiles different works about the use of transcriptomics and genomics technologies in different aspects of the aquaculture research, such as immunity, stress response, development, sexual dimorphism, among others, in a variety of fish and shellfish, and even in turtles. Different transcriptome (mRNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)), genome (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)), and metatranscriptome analyses were conducted to unravel those different aspects of interest.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Fisheries & related industries --- RNA-Seq --- lncRNAs --- Dicentrarchus labrax --- viral infection --- nodavirus --- immune response --- fish --- T lymphocytes --- infection --- malnutrition --- inflammation --- aquaculture --- histopathology --- immunohistochemistry --- enteromyxosis --- Philasterides dicentrarchi --- turbot --- transcriptomics --- Chinese mitten crab --- Eriocheir sinensis --- transportome --- transporters --- salinity --- osmoregulation --- transcriptome --- meta-analysis --- gills --- short pentraxins --- c-reactive protein --- zebrafish --- transcript expression --- antiviral --- SVCV --- rag1 mutants --- skin --- mucosal immunity --- hypoxia --- hypo-metabolic state --- growth --- swimming performance --- metabolic landmarks --- muscle transcriptome --- glycolysis --- lipid metabolism --- protein turnover --- gilthead sea bream --- hepatopancreas necrosis disease --- metatranscriptomics sequencing --- hepatopancreatic flora --- teleost --- B cells --- single cell transcriptomics --- immunoglobulins --- immune markers --- transcription factors --- long non-coding RNAs --- hepatic transcript expression --- salmon --- microarray --- omega-6/omega-3 ratio --- nutrigenomics --- fatty acids --- liver --- muscle --- Misgurnus anguillicaudatus --- sexual size dimorphism --- polyploid size dimorphism --- comparative transcriptome --- gene expression --- edible red sea urchin --- Loxechinus albus --- RNA-seq --- reference transcriptome --- Chinese soft-shelled turtle --- Aeromonas hydrophila --- hemorrhagic sepsis --- molecular immunopathogenesis --- tripartite motif proteins --- B30.2 domain --- antiviral immunity --- Ctenopharyngodon idella --- grass carp reovirus --- metamorphosis --- brain --- RNA --- sequencing --- intermuscular bone --- development --- Megalobrama amblycephala --- Oreochromis niloticus --- histological structure --- Atlantic salmon --- smoltification --- genome --- mRNAs --- miRNAs --- sox family genes --- Pelodiscus sinensis --- estradiol --- pseudo-female --- sex-related --- heterosis --- heterobeltiosis --- environment --- transgressive genes --- conserved miRNA --- high-throughput sequencing --- lumpfish --- novel miRNA --- RT-qPCR --- heat shock protein --- co-chaperon network --- salinity-alkalinity adaptation --- molecular evolution --- Lateolabrax maculatus --- genomics --- stress response --- HPI-axis --- neuroendocrine-immune interaction --- common carp --- poly-unsaturated fatty acid --- fatty acid elongase --- association study --- genomic selection --- bulked segregant analysis --- SNP --- association analysis --- joint effect --- seawater adaptation --- microRNAs --- small-RNA sequencing --- microarray transcriptome --- European seabass --- chronic inflammation --- opioid receptors --- immune status --- whole-transcriptome sequencing --- sex differentiation --- non-coding RNAs --- ceRNA --- red cusk-eel --- thermal stress --- liver transcriptome --- oxidative damage --- protein folding --- hepatic enzymes --- n/a