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Many macro and micro species, from terrestrial and aquatic environments, produce structurally unique compounds and, in many countries, still are the primary sources of medicines. In fact, secondary metabolites are an important source of chemotherapeutic agents but are also lead compounds for synthetic modification and the optimization of biological activity. Therefore, the exploitation of secondary metabolites, or their inspired synthetic compounds, offers excellent opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry. This Medicines Special Issue focuses on the great potential of secondary metabolites for therapeutic application. The Special Issue contains 16 articles reporting relevant experimental results, and an overview of bioactive secondary metabolites, their biological effects, and new methodologies that improve and accelerate the process of obtained lead compounds with regard to new drug development. We would like to thank all 83 authors, from all over the world, for their valuable contributions to this Special Issue.

antitumor --- triterpenoids --- seaweeds --- diterpenes --- Boswellia --- antioxidant activity --- antiplasmodial --- Maytenus chiapensis --- phenolic derivatives --- secondary metabolites --- medicinal applications --- Malus x domestica --- pectin --- cytotoxic activity --- xanthine oxidase --- phytochemistry --- antioxidant --- Scabiosa --- sugars --- sargaquinoic acid --- pentacyclic triterpenoids --- analysis --- antimicrobial and anticancer activity --- iridoids --- Tuscany --- GC-MS --- (-)-rabdosiin --- kratom --- plant defense --- cembranoids --- tingenone --- deoxypodophyllotoxin --- anticancer --- pristimerin --- inflammation --- boswellic acids --- plants --- anti-inflammatory --- legalization --- Mitragyna speciosa --- Ocimum sanctum --- cordycepin --- cytotoxic --- medicine --- Artemisia species --- antimicrobial activity --- lignans --- Artemisia vachanica --- Cordyceps militaris --- frankincense --- ancient varieties --- sargahydroquinoic acid --- Tajikistan --- antiSMASH --- ABTS --- polyphenols --- therapeutics --- infectious diseases --- antibacterial --- nutraceutics --- total phenolics --- LC-MS/MS --- innate immunity --- HPLC-PAD --- sarganaphthoquinoic acid --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- DPPH --- EGCG --- cneorubenoids --- PPAR-? --- bowel diseases --- amentoflavone --- molecular docking --- sargachromenoic acid --- cannabinoids --- flavonoids --- essential oils --- TCM --- HPLC-PDA --- ascorbic acid --- antioxidants --- Lamiaceae --- nanoemulsion --- malaria --- therapeutic uses --- quinonemethide triterpenoids --- artemisinin --- natural products --- biological activities --- FRAP --- toxicology --- defensins --- Celastraceae --- cannabis --- vector control --- Juniperus --- analytical determination

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Biomass from olives as a raw material for biorefineries Recent advances in chemical composition determination Latest progress in the extraction and characterization of biocompounds Exploitation of by-products such as wastewater, pomace or olive leaves as raw materials for the production of renewable compounds Applications in bioenergy, renewable chemical production or biofuel production

History of engineering & technology --- Olea europaea --- supercritical fluid extraction --- triterpenoids --- polyphenols --- olive leaves --- anaerobic digestion --- economic evaluation --- olive mill solid waste --- phenolic compounds --- steam explosion --- antioxidants --- bioactive compounds --- biorefinery --- experimental design --- olive biomass --- response surface methodology --- ultrasound-assisted extraction --- olive byproducts valorization --- lignocellulosic components --- feedstock analysis --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- olive tree pruning --- extracted olive pomace --- flavonoids --- antioxidant activity --- Biodiesel-derived glycerol --- citric acid --- microbial lipid --- olive-mill-wastewater --- polyols --- polysaccharides --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- value-added compounds

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Natural products and the preparations based on them play a stable and ever-increasing role in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture, in food and the cosmetic industry, and in an increasing number of other fields. Their importance is based on the fact that they are mostly bound to renewable sources, which in fact makes them valuable within a circular economy, inter alia. At the same time, natural products provide the origin of stereochemistry, optical activity, regioselectivity, chirality, and many other concepts and directions within science, development, and industry in a scope, which is indispensable. They serve as a constant powerful stimulus and model that inspires researchers to create new effective tools, similar to natural ones, for controlling bioregulation mechanisms and solving practical problems. This was the reason for organizing this Special Issue aimed at underlining the current developments in all the fields connected to natural products.

varioxiranol A --- natural enantiomer --- n/a --- ribosomally synthesized --- triterpenoids --- apo-CpcB --- water resistance --- radical scavenger --- bardoxolone methyl --- antioxidant activity --- octadecanoid --- derivatives --- inhibitor --- chlorogenic acid --- biosynthesis --- microbial biosynthesis --- flow cytometry --- adhesive --- phycocyanin --- antioxidant --- anticancer drug --- resource chemistry --- ginkgolide --- anti-inflammation --- salt stress --- polyphenol --- synthesis of natural products --- rheumatoid arthritis --- PEGylated purpurin 18 --- photosensitizer --- RiPP --- isosorbide --- bioactivity --- cell opening --- stilbene --- tea tussock moth --- flavonoids --- flexible polyurethane foam --- gene expression --- genetical transformation --- research progress --- oleic acid-elicited --- pharmacokinetic features --- phenolic acid --- Plantago depressa --- platelet-activating factor receptor --- photodynamic therapy --- fatty acid --- soy protein isolate --- apoptosis --- HepG2 cells --- cancer cells --- live-cell fluorescence microscopy --- tomato --- caffeoylquinic acids --- pinocembrin --- insect sex pheromone --- 4-epi-varioxiranol A --- natural products --- singlet oxygen --- total synthesis --- lipid-lowering effects --- reversible urethane linkages --- cytotoxicity --- bromelain --- Ramulus mori --- polysaccharides --- SlCOMT1 --- pharmacological activities --- absolute structure --- natural product --- mitochondria --- Emericella variecolor --- triglycidylamine --- Spirulina --- viscosity --- post-translationally modified peptides --- phototoxicity --- melatonin

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and was accountable for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Nowadays, about 1 in 6 deaths in the world is due to cancer. Another major global public health issue is HIV. Over 70 million people have been infected with the HIV virus and about 35 million people have died of HIV-related illness, since the start of the epidemic. We have been fighting against these two serious diseases by finding successful treatments. The discovery of effective drugs is important for fighting cancer and HIV. Natural products, which are secondary metabolites produced by various living organisms, have been playing a principal role in drug discovery and developments, because of their structural and biological diversity. Many clinically used drugs have come from natural products; for example, more than 60% of anticancer drugs currently in clinical use are derived from natural sources. This Special Issue aims to collect original research and review articles focusing on notable and recent contributions to the discovery and development of novel anticancer and anti-HIV drug candidates from natural sources. Up-to-date knowledge from various research fields is welcome. This could be of great interest for scientists working in different research areas, such as natural product chemistry, including isolation and structural elucidation; phytochemistry; medicinal chemistry, including chemically modified natural compounds with improved biological activity; pharmacology; molecular biology; mechanisms of action study using natural products or related compounds; pharmacognosy, etc. Biological studies of natural extracts without an appropriate chemical characterization may not be considered.

Research & information: general --- natural phaeosphaeride A --- antitumor activity --- human tumor cell lines --- HEF cell line --- acute toxicity --- aspidosperma-type --- monoterpenoid indole alkaloids --- antiproliferative activity --- tubulin inhibitor --- Bousigonia mekongensis --- ursolic acid --- DOTA --- triterpenoids --- cytotoxicity --- diterpenoid alkaloids --- human tumor cells --- lipojesaconitine --- delcosine --- delpheline --- kobusine --- pseudokobusine --- BRAF inhibitor --- Mentha aquatica var. Kenting Water Mint --- essential oil --- chemoprevention --- two-stage skin carcinogenesis --- melanoma --- curcumin analog --- apoptosis --- oxidative stress --- drug–drug interaction --- tamoxifen --- taxol --- cisplatin --- Artemisia absinthium L. --- antioxidants --- total phenolic content --- melanoma and breast cancer cell line --- HaCaT cells --- inflammation --- breast cancer --- cell cycle --- flavonoids --- reactive oxygen species --- tumor suppression --- antiretroviral agents --- anti-HIV --- marine metabolites --- natural products --- drug development --- Ivalin --- Carpesium divaricatum --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- mitochondria-mediated apoptosis --- NF-κB --- Hernandia nymphaeifolia --- butanolides --- lignan glycosides --- coumarins --- antiangiogenic --- cancer --- natural agents --- chemistry --- medicine --- cancer stem cell --- cervical cancer --- pterostilbene --- resveratrol --- caffeic acid --- cancer multidrug resistance --- P-glycoprotein --- phenolic acid --- oxypeucedanin --- Angelica dahurica --- antiproliferation --- G2/M phase cell cycle arrest --- p53 --- SK-Hep-1 --- hepatoma cells --- allyl isothiocyanate --- benzyl isothiocyanate --- sulforaphane --- phenethyl isothiocyanate --- bladder cancer --- quercetin --- oral squamous cell carcinoma cells --- metastasis --- cell cycle arrest --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- matrix metalloproteinase --- transforming growth factor-β1 --- β-lapachone

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Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. It is a multifactorial heterogeneous disease characterized by the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells, which acquire an uncontrolled growth, immortality, invasiveness, and ability to form distant metastasis. Natural bioactive molecules may interfere with these processes and inhibit the carcinogenesis process. In this book, new molecules and extracts, mainly derived from plants, have been described as being able to alter tumor cell behavior and target several abnormal molecular pathways in cancer cells. Among different cancer cells, the more studied include those derived from glioblastoma, osteosarcoma, lung, breast and gastric cancer. These natural products could be an attractive source for the development of new preventative and therapeutic agents against cancer. They may be more selective and have weaker adverse effects compared to conventional chemotherapy drugs that are actually used for cancer treatment. Clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate whether the in vitro and in vivo animal data are reproduced in humans before the application of natural products in cancer prevention and treatment.

cytotoxic activity --- NCI-60 cancer cell line --- pristimerin --- Salacia crassifolia --- Celastraceae --- Brazilian Cerrado biome --- Salacia elliptica --- Cheiloclinium cognatum --- Plenckia populnea --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- Cordyceps sinensis --- isochromanes --- chiral resolution --- ECD calculation --- cytotoxicity --- coronarin D --- JNK --- osteosarcoma --- Zeylenone --- gastric cancer --- invasion --- migration --- apoptosis --- anti-cancer agents --- anthraquinones --- glycosyltransferase --- Dendrobium officinale --- structure elucidation --- anti-tumor activity --- plantation mode --- AR --- Ganoderma tsugae --- lipogenesis --- prostate cancer --- SREBP-1 --- ursolic acid --- betulinic acid --- triterpenoids --- necrotic --- quercetin --- quercetagetin --- patuletin --- lichen --- secondary metabolites --- tumidulin --- stemness potential --- colorectal cancer cells --- oncogene --- transcriptional regulation --- neferine --- FAK/S6K1 --- autophagy --- human neuroblastoma cells --- natural yellow Monascus pigments --- water-soluble --- antioxidation --- MCF-7 cells --- phloretin --- cell proliferation --- inflammation --- glucose uptake --- Catalpa speciosa --- Taxus cuspidata --- Magnolia acuminata --- phenols --- antioxidants --- anticancer --- Colocasia esculenta --- food bioactive --- tarin --- stable nanocapsules --- entrapment efficiency --- no-toxicity --- preclinical tests --- antitumoral activity --- chemotherapeutic adjuvant --- grape leaves --- ASE --- TP --- Antioxidant activities --- Antiproliferative --- pro-apoptotic effects --- Gene expression --- Nutraceuticals --- Cucurbitacin B --- gefitinib-resistant NSCLC --- EGFR --- lysosomal degradation --- CIP2A --- zerumbone --- cancer --- NF-κB --- IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 --- Akt --- FOXO1 --- multiple myeloma --- quality control --- naringenin --- flavonoids --- traditional preparation --- cancer stem cells --- phytochemicals --- plant-derived foods --- fruit --- vegetable --- cell signaling --- Artemisia absinthium --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- mitochondrial-dependent pathway --- melanoma --- bee venom --- melittin --- temozolomide --- AKT --- MAPK --- antrodin C --- mTOR --- metabolic stability --- capsazepine --- inflammatory diseases --- ROS --- TRPV1 --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- CLE-10 --- LC3 --- MDA-MB-231 --- lactoferrin hydrolysate --- copper --- manganese --- gastric cancer cells --- anti-cancer activity --- molecular mechanism --- natural product alkaloids --- cephalotaxine --- protein synthesis inhibition --- antiproliferation agents --- folk medicine --- DLD-1 cells --- doxorubicin --- chemotherapy --- drug resistance --- CrataBL --- glioblastoma --- mesenchymal stem cells --- microenvironment --- plant lectin --- protease inhibitor --- cryptolepine --- neocryptolepine --- isocryptolepine --- antiproliferative activity --- structure activity relationships --- Licochalcone A --- ATM-Chk2 --- 13-ethylberberine --- mitochondrial ROS --- RT-R breast cancer cells --- diallyl disulfide --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway --- Pulsatilla saponin D --- SB365 --- glioblastoma multiforme --- autophagic flux inhibition --- lysosomal membrane permeabilization --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CLEFMA --- p38 --- proanthocyanins --- TNF-α --- lung adenocarcinoma --- natural compounds --- cervical cancer --- cell cycle arrest --- dicentrine --- metastasis --- glioma --- semi-synthetic derivative --- ingenol --- Euphorbia tirucalli --- protein kinase C --- seaweed --- porphyran --- carrageenan --- anti-cancer --- natural products --- n/a