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In recent years, wireless communications have significantly evolved due to the advanced technology of smartphones;, portable devices; and the rapid growth of Internet of Things, e-Health, and intelligent transportation systems . Moreover, there is an increasing need for emerging intelligent services like positioning and sensing in the future intelligence society. Recent years have witnessed the growing research interests and activities in the communication and intelligence services in the optical wireless spectrum, as a complementary technology to more

sofware defined optics (SDO) --- n/a --- light to frequency converter --- white-light LED --- error observer --- nature conditions (thermal turbulence --- color independence --- feedforward control --- visible light communication --- adaptive power allocation scheme --- random forest (RF) --- localization algorithm --- generalized color modulation --- wearable device --- positioning --- tracking performance --- software defined radio (SDR) --- VLP --- multistate quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) --- fog) --- rain --- visible light communication (VLC) --- LED tail-light --- optical wireless communication --- LED indoor ceiling light --- multipath reflections --- k-nearest neighbors (kNN) --- bit-error ratio (BER) --- anti-disturbance ability --- vehicle-to-everything (V2X) --- mobile optoelectronic tracking system --- disturbance observer --- model reference --- indoor positioning system (IPS) --- fitting model --- Visible Light Positioning --- LED tilt --- inverse power allocation scheme --- non-orthogonal multiple access --- V2X --- visual MIMO --- color-space-based modulation

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Visible light communication (VLC) using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs) has been envisioned as one of the key enabling technologies for 6G and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, owing to its appealing advantages, including abundant and unregulated spectrum resources, no electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation and high security. However, despite its many advantages, VLC faces several technical challenges, such as the limited bandwidth and severe nonlinearity of opto-electronic devices, link blockage and user mobility. Therefore, significant efforts are needed from the global VLC community to develop VLC technology further. This Special Issue, “Visible Light Communication (VLC)”, provides an opportunity for global researchers to share their new ideas and cutting-edge techniques to address the above-mentioned challenges. The 16 papers published in this Special Issue represent the fascinating progress of VLC in various contexts, including general indoor and underwater scenarios, and the emerging application of machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) techniques in VLC.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- visible light communication (VLC) --- dimming control --- constant transmission efficiency --- error performance --- light-emitting diode (LED) --- visible light communications --- deep learning --- bit error rate --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing --- index modulation --- POF --- FSO --- LiFi --- LED --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) --- power efficiency --- peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) --- pre-distorted enhanced --- underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) --- ADO-OFDM --- gamma–gamma function --- full-duplex --- long-reach --- photon counting --- vehicular visible light communication (VVLC) --- intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) --- the number of mirrors --- energy efficiency (EE) --- carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation --- pairwise coding (PWC) --- dual-mode index modulation (DM) --- chaotic encryption --- visible light positioning (VLP) --- free-space communication --- RGB LED --- non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) --- superposition constellation adjustment --- successive interference cancellation --- bit error ratio --- NOMA triangle --- underwater wireless optical communication --- temporal dispersion --- bandwidth limitation --- Monte Carlo method --- maximum likelihood sequence estimation --- visible light communication --- nonlinear equalization --- reservoir computing --- neural network (NN) --- autoencoder (AE) --- transceiver design --- nonlinearity --- VLC --- predistortion --- coefficient approximation --- BLSTM --- orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing --- sampling frequency offset --- visible light communications (VLC) --- mmWave communications --- channel modeling --- channel propagation characteristics --- path loss --- delay spread (DS) --- Ricean K-factor --- cluster characteristics --- n/a --- gamma-gamma function

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Visible light communication (VLC) using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs) has been envisioned as one of the key enabling technologies for 6G and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, owing to its appealing advantages, including abundant and unregulated spectrum resources, no electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation and high security. However, despite its many advantages, VLC faces several technical challenges, such as the limited bandwidth and severe nonlinearity of opto-electronic devices, link blockage and user mobility. Therefore, significant efforts are needed from the global VLC community to develop VLC technology further. This Special Issue, “Visible Light Communication (VLC)”, provides an opportunity for global researchers to share their new ideas and cutting-edge techniques to address the above-mentioned challenges. The 16 papers published in this Special Issue represent the fascinating progress of VLC in various contexts, including general indoor and underwater scenarios, and the emerging application of machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) techniques in VLC.

visible light communication (VLC) --- dimming control --- constant transmission efficiency --- error performance --- light-emitting diode (LED) --- visible light communications --- deep learning --- bit error rate --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing --- index modulation --- POF --- FSO --- LiFi --- LED --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) --- power efficiency --- peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) --- pre-distorted enhanced --- underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) --- ADO-OFDM --- gamma–gamma function --- full-duplex --- long-reach --- photon counting --- vehicular visible light communication (VVLC) --- intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) --- the number of mirrors --- energy efficiency (EE) --- carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation --- pairwise coding (PWC) --- dual-mode index modulation (DM) --- chaotic encryption --- visible light positioning (VLP) --- free-space communication --- RGB LED --- non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) --- superposition constellation adjustment --- successive interference cancellation --- bit error ratio --- NOMA triangle --- underwater wireless optical communication --- temporal dispersion --- bandwidth limitation --- Monte Carlo method --- maximum likelihood sequence estimation --- visible light communication --- nonlinear equalization --- reservoir computing --- neural network (NN) --- autoencoder (AE) --- transceiver design --- nonlinearity --- VLC --- predistortion --- coefficient approximation --- BLSTM --- orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing --- sampling frequency offset --- visible light communications (VLC) --- mmWave communications --- channel modeling --- channel propagation characteristics --- path loss --- delay spread (DS) --- Ricean K-factor --- cluster characteristics --- n/a --- gamma-gamma function

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Connected and automated vehicles have revolutionized the way we move, granting new services on roads. This Special Issue collects contributions that address reliable and ultra-low-latency vehicular applications that range from advancements at the access layer, such as using the visible light spectrum to accommodate ultra-low-latency applications, to data dissemination solutions. Further, articles discuss edge computing, neural network-based techniques, and the use of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) to boost throughput and enhance coverage.

History of engineering & technology --- vehicular networks --- 5G --- C-RAN --- resource allocation --- edge computing --- optimization --- vehicle-to-everything communication --- pedestrian --- vehicles --- safety --- automotive --- damper --- convolutional neural networks --- fault detection --- diagnosis --- machine learning --- deep learning --- connected vehicles --- reconfigurable meta-surface --- smart environment --- cooperative driving --- vulnerable road user detection --- collision probability --- probabilistic flooding --- vehicular communication --- visible light communications --- 5G networks --- smart vehicles --- field trials --- infrastructure-to-vehicle --- vehicle-to-vehicle --- Intelligent Transportation Systems --- Visible Light Communication --- Fresnel lenses --- AODV --- end-to-end delay --- packet loss ratio --- throughput --- VANET --- n/a

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This reprint is a reprint of the articles that appeared in Sensors' (MDPI) Special Issue on “Sensors and Systems for Indoor Positioning". The published original contributions focused on systems and technologies to enable indoor applications.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Energy industries & utilities --- acoustic diffraction --- acoustic signal aberration --- cross-correlation aberration --- ultrasonic ranging --- visible light communication --- indoor positioning system --- fingerprint positioning --- weighted K-nearest neighbor --- distance metric --- ultrasonic transducers --- time of flight estimation --- pulse-echo technique --- ferroelectric films --- piezopolymer --- infrared sensor --- angle of arrival --- indoor localization --- wireless sensor networks --- navigation --- reinforcement learning --- 3D indoor positioning --- visible light positioning --- Wi-Fi positioning --- location fingerprinting --- RSSI-based positioning --- probabilistic approach --- information service --- book tracking --- fingerprint-based indoor positioning --- clustering --- RSSI --- CNN --- presence detection --- passive localization --- room impulse response --- acoustic localization --- frequency dependent attenuation --- ultrasonic signal --- cyber-physical system --- Industry 4.0 --- internet-of-reader --- IREAD 4.0 --- radio frequency identification --- RFID classification method --- smart gate --- smart forklift --- smart warehouse --- extended Kalman filter --- localization --- time of arrival --- carrier phase --- ambiguity resolution --- n/a