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Today, thin films are near-ubiquitous and are utilised in a very wide range of industrially and scientifically important areas. These include familiar everyday instances such as anti-reflective coatings on ophthalmic lenses, smartphone optics, photovoltaics, decorative, and tool coatings. A range of somewhat more exotic applications also exists, such as astronomical instrumentation (e.g., ultra-low loss dielectric mirrors and beam splitters in gravitational wave detectors, such as laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory (LIGO)), gas sensing, medical devices and implants, and accelerator coatings (e.g., coatings for the large hadron collider (LHC), and compact linear collider (CLIC) experiments at European organization for nuclear research (CERN)). This Special Issue will provide a platform for researchers working in any area within this highly diverse field to share and exchange their latest research findings. The Special Issue contains novel studies encompassing material characterisation techniques, a range of thin-film coating deposition processes and applications of such technology.

Technology: general issues --- PECVD --- plasma diagnostics --- nc-Si:H --- RF-PECVD --- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) --- quadruple mass spectrometry (QMS) --- optical emission spectroscopy (OES) --- X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) --- micro hollow glass spheres (MHGS) --- solid micro glass spheres (SMGS) --- liquid phase deposition (LPD) --- aluminum coating --- β-Ga2O3 --- MOCVD --- VI/III ratio --- scandium stabilized zirconia thin films --- e-beam physical vapor deposition --- thin films ceramics --- Raman spectroscopy --- X-ray diffraction --- initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) --- superhydrophobic --- fluoropolymer --- thin film --- atomic layer deposition --- nanomechanics --- Young’s modulus --- shear modulus --- resonant frequency --- Q-factor --- microcantilevers --- internal stress --- nickel–chromium --- thin film thermocouples --- physical vapor deposition --- flat film extrusion --- foil quality --- MgF2 --- color center absorption --- density --- crystal frequency --- stress --- adhesion --- polarization controlling --- dual functional-metalens --- focusing --- splitting --- PVD coatings --- nanoindentation --- brittle cracking --- fracture toughness --- diamond coatings --- residual stresses --- interfacial fatigue strength --- annealing --- milling --- n/a --- Young's modulus --- nickel-chromium

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Today, thin films are near-ubiquitous and are utilised in a very wide range of industrially and scientifically important areas. These include familiar everyday instances such as anti-reflective coatings on ophthalmic lenses, smartphone optics, photovoltaics, decorative, and tool coatings. A range of somewhat more exotic applications also exists, such as astronomical instrumentation (e.g., ultra-low loss dielectric mirrors and beam splitters in gravitational wave detectors, such as laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory (LIGO)), gas sensing, medical devices and implants, and accelerator coatings (e.g., coatings for the large hadron collider (LHC), and compact linear collider (CLIC) experiments at European organization for nuclear research (CERN)). This Special Issue will provide a platform for researchers working in any area within this highly diverse field to share and exchange their latest research findings. The Special Issue contains novel studies encompassing material characterisation techniques, a range of thin-film coating deposition processes and applications of such technology.

PECVD --- plasma diagnostics --- nc-Si:H --- RF-PECVD --- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) --- quadruple mass spectrometry (QMS) --- optical emission spectroscopy (OES) --- X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) --- micro hollow glass spheres (MHGS) --- solid micro glass spheres (SMGS) --- liquid phase deposition (LPD) --- aluminum coating --- β-Ga2O3 --- MOCVD --- VI/III ratio --- scandium stabilized zirconia thin films --- e-beam physical vapor deposition --- thin films ceramics --- Raman spectroscopy --- X-ray diffraction --- initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) --- superhydrophobic --- fluoropolymer --- thin film --- atomic layer deposition --- nanomechanics --- Young’s modulus --- shear modulus --- resonant frequency --- Q-factor --- microcantilevers --- internal stress --- nickel–chromium --- thin film thermocouples --- physical vapor deposition --- flat film extrusion --- foil quality --- MgF2 --- color center absorption --- density --- crystal frequency --- stress --- adhesion --- polarization controlling --- dual functional-metalens --- focusing --- splitting --- PVD coatings --- nanoindentation --- brittle cracking --- fracture toughness --- diamond coatings --- residual stresses --- interfacial fatigue strength --- annealing --- milling --- n/a --- Young's modulus --- nickel-chromium

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Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors are becoming a key enabling technology for several strategic fields, including power electronics, illumination, and sensors. This reprint collects the 23 papers covering the full spectrum of the above applications and providing contributions from the on-going research at different levels, from materials to devices and from circuits to systems.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Energy industries & utilities --- energy storage system --- power conditioning system --- silicon carbide --- vanadium redox flow batteries --- AlGaN/GaN --- SiC --- high electron mobility transistor --- Schottky barrier diode --- breakdown field --- noise --- charge traps --- radio frequency --- wide-bandgap (WBG) --- gallium nitride (GaN) --- silicon carbide (SiC) --- high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) --- metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) --- driving technology --- nickel oxide --- annealing temperature --- crystallite size --- optical band gap --- electrochromic device --- indium oxide thin film --- solution method --- plasma surface treatment --- bias stability --- aluminum nitride --- Schottky barrier diodes --- radio frequency sputtering --- X-ray diffraction --- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy --- piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers --- ranging --- time of flight (TOF) --- time to digital converter circuit (TDC) --- AlGaN/GaN heterojunction --- p-GaN gate --- unidirectional operation --- rectifying electrode --- first-principles --- density functional theory --- pure β-Ga2O3 --- Sr-doped β-Ga2O3 --- p-type doping --- band structure --- density of states --- optical absorption --- AlN buffer layer --- NH3 growth interruption --- strain relaxation --- GaN-based LED --- low defect density --- gate bias modulation --- palladium catalyst --- gallium nitride --- nitrogen dioxide gas sensor --- laser micromachining --- sapphire --- AlGaN/GaN heterostructures --- high-electron mobility devices --- p-GaN gate HEMT --- normally off --- low-resistance SiC substrate --- temperature --- high electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) --- equivalent-circuit modeling --- microwave frequency --- scattering-parameter measurements --- GaN --- MIS-HEMTs --- fabrication --- threshold voltage stability --- supercritical technology --- GaN power HEMTs --- breakdown voltage --- current collapse --- compensation ratio --- auto-compensation --- carbon doping --- HVPE --- AlN --- high-temperature --- buffer layer --- nitridation --- high-electron mobility transistor --- heterogeneous integration --- SOI --- QST --- crystal growth --- cubic and hexagonal structure --- blue and yellow luminescence --- electron lifetime --- wafer dicing --- stealth dicing --- laser thermal separation --- dry processing --- laser processing --- wide bandgap semiconductor --- photovoltaic module --- digital signal processor --- synchronous buck converter --- polar --- semi-polar --- non-polar --- magnetron sputtering --- HTA --- GaN-HEMT mesa structures --- 2DEG --- X-ray sensor --- X-ray imaging --- n/a

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In the last twenty years, there has been a growing interest in middle infrared (mid-IR) laser crystals and their application to achieve mid-IR laser radiations, which has benefited from the development of novel mid-infrared crystals and the improving quality of traditional mid-IR crystals. Moreover, these works have promoted the development of related technical applications. This Special Issue of the journal Crystals focuses on the most recent advances in mid-IR laser crystals, from materials to laser sources and applications. It aims to bring together the latest developments in novel mid-IR crystals, improvements in the quality of mid-IR crystals, mid-IR non-linear crystals and mid-IR lasers, as well as the application of mid-IR technology in spectroscopy, trace gas detection and remote sensing, optical microscopy and biomedicine. Aspiring authors are encouraged to submit their latest original research, as well as forward-looking review papers, to this Special Issue.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- long pulse laser --- plasma plume --- composite materials --- CFRP --- GFRP --- 1989 nm --- Ho:YAP --- AO Q-switched laser --- long-wave infrared --- ZnGeP2 crystal --- Ho:YAG MOPA --- nonlinear infrared optical crystal --- AgGaGe5Se12 crystal --- Bridgman growth method --- solid-state --- diode-pumped --- Q-switched --- infrared and far-infrared lasers --- surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) --- metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide --- Fano line-shapes --- refractive index sensing --- millisecond pulse laser --- silicon avalanche photodiode (Si-APD) --- external capacitance --- photocurrent --- carrier flow --- lowering of the barrier --- APD --- Dy:CaF2-SrF2 --- crystal growth --- temperature gradient technology --- midinfrared crystal --- Sellmeier dispersion formula --- mid-infrared photonics --- chalcopyrite semiconductors --- orthorhombic ternary chalcogenides --- harmonic generation --- continuum generation --- group velocity matching --- infrared pulse laser --- fused silica --- plasma --- interaction between laser and matter --- numerical simulation --- plasma expansion velocity --- 2.78 μm mid-infrared emission --- Er/Tm --- PbF2 laser crystal --- energy transfer mechanism --- first-principles calculation --- β-Ga2O3 crystal --- optical floating zone --- saturable absorber --- Q-switch --- laser-induced damage threshold --- ZnGeP2 --- interference coating --- magnetorheological polish --- laser --- Ho:YVO4 --- double-pass-pumping --- laser diode --- n/a

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Advanced intelligent (ADI) control through Versatile Intelligent Portable (VIP) Platforms is a rapidly developing, complex, challenging field with great practical importance and potential. ADI control is an interdisciplinary field which combines and extends theories and methods from control theory, computer science, and operations research areas with the aim of developing controllers that are highly adaptable to significant unanticipated changes. Deep research and communicating new trends in the design, control, and applications of the real time control of intelligent sensors systems using advanced intelligent control methods and techniques is the main purpose of this book. Innovative multi-sensor fusion techniques, integrated through VIP platforms, are developed and combined with computer vision, virtual and augmented reality (VR&AR), and intelligent communication, including remote control, adaptive sensor networks, human–robot (H2R) interaction systems, and machine-to-machine (M2M) interfaces. Intelligent decision support systems (IDSS), including remote sensing, and their integration with DSS, GA-based DSS, fuzzy sets DSS, rough set-based DSS, intelligent agent-assisted DSS, process mining integration into decision support, adaptive DSS, computer vision-based DSS, and sensory and robotic DSS are highlighted in the field of advanced intelligent control. Approaching new technologies using advanced intelligent control through versatile intelligent portable platforms involves complex multidisciplinary research covering enhanced IoT technologies and applications in the 5G densification era, bio-inspired techniques in future manufacturing enterprise control, cyberphysical systems approach to cognitive enterprise, developing the IT Industry 4.0 concept, industrial systems in the digital age, cloud computing, robotics, and automation with applications such as human aid mechatronics moving in unstructured and uneven environments, rescue robots, firefighting robots, rehabilitation robots, robot-assisted surgery, and domestic robots.

History of engineering & technology --- Passive Brain Signals --- adaptive automation and controller --- EOG artifact --- independent component analysis --- engagement index --- lower limb --- rehabilitation robot --- motion intention acquisition --- static torque sensor --- quadcopter --- drone --- pollutant --- carbon --- air monitoring --- kernel --- cyber-physical systems --- intelligent cyber enterprise --- systems interface --- user experience --- accessibility --- autism spectrum disorder --- game-based learning --- systematic literature review --- exoskeleton hand --- fractional order model --- control --- human–robot interaction --- training task --- multi-sensor system --- quantum particle swarm optimization --- support vector machines --- microinjection sensor --- PDMS capillary --- micro-wire --- picolitre volume measurement --- MPWM microfluidic transport --- β-Ga2O3 --- nanowires --- oxidation --- silver catalyst --- electrical conductivity --- photodetector --- automatic distortion rectification --- wide-angle lens --- fish-eye lens --- advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) --- video-surveillance --- vision tasks --- connected bike --- smart technologies --- IoT --- personalized training --- embedded --- back-end --- front-end --- Android --- modules --- MQTT --- monitoring --- 3D scanning --- 3D shape reconstruction --- RGB-D sensors --- imperfect data --- hybrid neural networks --- computer vision --- deep learning --- convolutional neural networks --- advanced intelligent control --- facial emotion recognition --- face recognition --- NAO robot --- critical infrastructures --- positioning system --- optical measurements --- fiducial markers --- adaptive kalman --- measurement fusion --- software sensor data --- machine-learning classifier --- smartphone security --- intelligent control --- robot control intelligent sensor systems --- intelligent decision support systems --- versatile intelligent portable platforms --- new technologies --- adaptive sensor networks --- virtual and augmented reality --- intelligent remote control and communication